单极和偶极电流引起的磁通量子化
Flux Quantization Due to Monopole and Dipole Currents
摘要：
通过在同等基础上讨论由磁矩和偶极矩引起的场致量子干涉效应，阐明了它们的异同。首先，我们证明了磁通量子化的一般原理。对于带有磁矩的粒子，干扰使偶极子电流周期性振荡，其通量定义为场与面积的内积;而对于带有固定偶极矩的粒子，偶极子电流周期性振荡，其通量矢量定义为场与轨迹的叉积。我们的分析统一的振荡或偶极电流在各种设备，如SQUID和自旋场效应管，到同一个物理图片。其次，基于偶极矩干涉效应的非规范场性质，我们证明了在输运偶极电流的开放轨道器件中也会发生干涉效应，如自旋约瑟夫森效应。此外，我们提出，电偶极子的干涉效应，被称为He-McKellar-Wilkens效应，可以通过在半导体异质结构和双层石墨烯中观察到的双层激子凝聚来实现。
英文摘要：
By discussing field-induced quantum interference effects due to monopole moments and those due to dipole moments on equal footing, their similarities and differences are clarified. First, we demonstrate the general principle for flux quantization. For particles carrying a monopole moment, the interference causes monopole current to oscillate periodically with flux defined as inner product of field and area, whereas for particles carrying a fixed dipole moment, the dipole current oscillates periodically with flux vector defined as cross product of field and trajectory. Our analysis unifies the oscillation of monopole or dipole currents in various devices, such as SQUID and spin-FET, into the same physical picture. Second, we show that interference effects can also happen in open trajectory devices that transport dipole currents, such as spin Josephson effect, based on the non-gauge field nature of the interference effects of dipole moments. In addition, we propose that the interference effect of electric dipoles, known as He-McKellar-Wilkens effect, can be realized by the bilayer exciton condensates observed in semiconductor heterostructure and bilayer graphene.
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