Slipher，星系和宇宙学速度场
Slipher, galaxies, and cosmological velocity fields
摘要：
到1917年，V.M.斯利弗独自建立了“螺旋星云”红移的趋势（25例中的21例）。从现代的角度来看，宇宙的膨胀在这一点上没有被宣布似乎令人惊讶。对斯里弗论文的研究表明，他得出了一个更微妙的结论：宇宙学特有的速度，包括银河系的整体运动，导致了一个支持星云作为遥远恒星系统的美丽论点。尽管如此，Slipher的数据实际上包含了大于8 σ的正平均速度的证据，即使在减去由于观测者的运动而产生的偶极子之后。1929年，哈勃利用几乎完全由斯利弗引起的红移，估计了一个深度不大的样本的距离。哈勃的距离在两个方面存在缺陷：除了不正确的绝对校准，最大的距离被系统地低估了。尽管如此，他声称探测到了线性距离-红移关系。从统计学上讲，这种相关性的证据不如哈勃样本中正平均速度的简单证据那么有力。与现代数据的比较表明，通常需要两倍于哈勃深度的样本，才能清楚地揭示面对特殊速度“噪音”的全球线性膨胀。当我们考察这个时间的理论背景时，德西特模型的作用及其对线性距离-红移关系的预测就显得很重要。在哈勃之前的1924-1928年期间，对这种关系进行了多次搜索，取得了类似程度的成功。所有这些都是基于Slipher测量的速度，Slipher在一个世纪前的工作突出了他的测量精度和他用来从中得出正确结论的论点的微妙清晰度。
英文摘要：
By 1917, V.M. Slipher had singlehandedly established a tendency for 'spiral nebulae' to be redshifted (21 out of 25 cases). From a modern perspective, it could seem surprising that the expansion of the universe was not announced at this point. Examination of Slipher's papers shows that he reached a more subtle conclusion: the identification of cosmological peculiar velocities, including the bulk motion of the Milky Way, leading to a beautiful argument in favour of nebulae as distant stellar systems. Nevertheless, Slipher's data actually contain evidence at >8sigma for a positive mean velocity, even after subtracting the dipole owing to the motion of the observer. In 1929, Hubble estimated distances for a sample of no greater depth, using redshifts due almost entirely to Slipher. Hubble's distances were flawed in two distinct ways: in addition to an incorrect absolute calibration, the largest distances were systematically under-estimated. Nevertheless, he claimed the detection of a linear distance-redshift relation. Statistically, the evidence for such a correlation is less strong than the simple evidence for a positive mean velocity in Hubble's sample. Comparison with modern data shows that a sample of more than twice Hubble's depth would generally be required in order to reveal clearly the global linear expansion in the face of the 'noise' from peculiar velocities. When the theoretical context of the time is examined, the role of the de Sitter model and its prediction of a linear distance-redshift relation looms large. A number of searches for this relation were performed prior to Hubble over the period 1924-1928, with a similar degree of success. All were based on the velocities measured by Slipher, whose work from a Century ago stands out both for the precision of his measurements and for the subtle clarity of the arguments he employed to draw correct conclusions from them.
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