未来X射线天文学的一个科学事例：高红移的星系团
A scientific case for future X-ray Astronomy: Galaxy Clusters at high redshifts
摘要：
高红移星系团（z>1）对于理解宇宙大尺度结构的演化、形成星系群的过程、宇宙重子的周期以及宇宙学参数的约束等都是非常重要的。在钱德拉和XMM-牛顿卫星运行13年之后，由于迄今为止覆盖的立体角较低，以及需要进行物理表征其簇内介质（ICM）的时间昂贵的观测，遥远X射线簇的发现和表征进展缓慢。目前，我们知道在z>1时，许多大质量星系团已经完全维里化，它们的ICM已经富含金属，强冷的核心已经就位，并且在它们最大的星系中正在进行重要的恒星形成，至少在z>1.4时。显然，组装一个大的和良好的表征样品的高z X射线集群是未来的一个主要目标。我们认为，实现这一目标的唯一手段是一个调查优化的X射线任务，能够提供大立体角，高灵敏度，良好的光谱覆盖，低背景和角分辨率高达5角秒。
英文摘要：
Clusters of galaxies at high redshift (z>1) are vitally important to understand the evolution of the large scale structure of the Universe, the processes shaping galaxy populations and the cycle of the cosmic baryons, and to constrain cosmological parameters. After 13 years of operation of the Chandra and XMM-Newton satellites, the discovery and characterization of distant X-ray clusters is proceeding at a slow pace, due to the low solid angle covered so far, and the time-expensive observations needed to physically characterize their intracluster medium (ICM). At present, we know that at z>1 many massive clusters are fully virialized, their ICM is already enriched with metals, strong cool cores are already in place, and significant star formation is ongoing in their most massive galaxies, at least at z>1.4. Clearly, the assembly of a large and well characterized sample of high-z X-ray clusters is a major goal for the future. We argue that the only means to achieve this is a survey-optimized X-ray mission capable of offering large solid angle, high sensitivity, good spectral coverage, low background and angular resolution as good as 5 arcsec.
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