宇宙间纠缠
Inter-universal entanglement
摘要：
量子信息理论和多元宇宙理论是二十世纪物理学的两个最伟大的成果。在多元宇宙的场景中，考虑两个或多个宇宙的量子态之间的纠缠，为我们提供了一个全新的范式，为宇宙学中传统上未解决的问题打开了新的途径。更确切地说，是宇宙学常数、时间箭头和边界条件的选择等问题。它还鼓励我们对主要哲学思想采取新的观点。在这一章中，我们将介绍宇宙间纠缠的主要特征，并从量子多重宇宙场景为我们提供的新视角来解决宇宙学的传统问题。总之，必须对整个多元宇宙的量子态施加适当的边界条件，这使我们能够将其解释为由纠缠的宇宙对组成。然后，可以给出单宇宙的量子力学描述，并且可以表明它可以在宇宙的能量性质中引起可观察的效应。研究了多重宇宙的边界条件对真空能量和单宇宙时间箭头的影响。作为宇宙间纠缠的结果，前者可能与观测数据相区别，后者将有利于宇宙结构的增长，主要在宇宙的早期阶段增加局部熵。宇宙间纠缠的所有这些特征最终将促使我们发展物理多元宇宙的概念，其中理论不仅可能出错，而且可以间接观察。
英文摘要：
Quantum information theory and the multiverse are two of the greatest outcomes of the XX century physics. The consideration of entanglement between the quantum states of two or more universes in a multiverse scenario provides us with a completely new paradigm that opens the door to novel approaches for traditionally unsolved problems in cosmology. More precisely, the problems of the cosmological constant, the arrow of time and the choice of boundary conditions, among others. It also encourages us to adopt new points of view about major philosophical ideas. In this chapter, we shall present the main features that may characterize inter-universal entanglement and it will be addressed the customary problems of cosmology from the new perspective that the quantum multiverse scenario supplies us with. In summary, the appropriate boundary condition that has to be imposed on the quantum state of the whole multiverse allows us to interpret it as made up of entangled pairs of universes. Then, a quantum thermodynamical description of single universes can be given and it can be shown that it may induce observable effects in the energy properties of the Universe. The effects that the boundary condition of the multiverse has on the vacuum energy and the arrow of time of single universes are also studied. As a consequence of inter-universal entanglement, the former might be discriminated from observational data and the latter would favor the growth of cosmic structures that increase the amount of local entropy mainly in the very early phase of the universe. All these characteristics of inter-universal entanglement would eventually impel us to develop the concept of the physical multiverse, one for which the theory could be not only fallible but also indirectly observed.
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