多重父权在拓殖期间及之后对遗传多样性的影响
The effect of multiple paternity on genetic diversity during and after colonisation
AI总结：
本文通过 Littorina saxatilis 拓殖群岛模型表明，多重父权可显著提升拓殖期及迁移平衡时的杂合度，并增强远岛突变驱动的多样性波动，从而促进小种群建立与维持。
摘要：
在集合种群中，本地种群的遗传变异受到奠基者以及建群后迁入者遗传组成的影响。我们利用一个模型分析多重父权对遗传多样性的影响，在该模型中，高度混交的海洋蜗牛 Littorina saxatilis 从大陆扩张，去拓殖一个群岛中最初为空的岛屿。迁入的雌性携带着大量由1至10个配偶受精的卵。我们以杂合度来量化种群的遗传多样性：首先考察短暂的拓殖过程初期，然后考察种群在迁入条件下达到平衡状态后的长时间尺度。在拓殖期间，与单一父权情形相比，多重父权使杂合度提高10%至300%。相比之下，平衡状态受到的影响较弱：与单一父权相比，多重父权带来10%至50%更高的杂合度。此外，我们发现，在远离大陆的地方，从大陆扩散而来的新突变会造成高遗传多样性的突发，而这些突发之间被长期的低多样性阶段分隔。多重父权会增强这一效应。我们的结论是，无论多重父权是否是 Littorina saxatilis 极端混交进化的主要原因，它都促进了小种群的拓殖和维持。
英文摘要：
In metapopulations, genetic variation of local populations is influenced by the genetic content of the founders, and of migrants following establishment. We analyse the effect of multiple paternity on genetic diversity using a model in which the highly promiscuous marine snail Littorina saxatilis expands from a mainland to colonise initially empty islands of an archipelago. Migrant females carry a large number of eggs fertilised by 1 - 10 mates. We quantify the genetic diversity of the population in terms of its heterozygosity: initially during the transient colonisation process, and at long times when the population has reached an equilibrium state with migration. During colonisation, multiple paternity increases the heterozygosity by 10 - 300 % in comparison with the case of single paternity. The equilibrium state, by contrast, is less strongly affected: multiple paternity gives rise to 10 - 50 % higher heterozygosity compared with single paternity. Further we find that far from the mainland, new mutations spreading from the mainland cause bursts of high genetic diversity separated by long periods of low diversity. This effect is boosted by multiple paternity. We conclude that multiple paternity facilitates colonisation and maintenance of small populations, whether or not this is the main cause for the evolution of extreme promiscuity in Littorina saxatilis.
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