有效半径大于10 pc的扩展星团在各种环境中都被发现过。质量与球状星团(GC)相当的天体被称为扩展星团(EC),而质量在矮星系范围内的天体被称为超紧凑矮星系(UCD)。本文分析了所有已知的EC和UCD的观测参数光度、有效半径和到宿主星系的投影距离,以及这些参数与宿主星系类型和光度的关系。我们检索了现有的文献,以编制一个大于10 pc的星团目录。由于EC和UCD之间没有明确的区别,这两种类型的物体都被称为扩展恒星物体(EO)。我们总共发现了813个EO,其中171个与晚型星系有关,642个与早型星系有关。EOs的光度范围从MV = -4到-14等。然而,绝大多数亮于-10等的EOs与椭圆星系有关。在每个星等上,发现有效半径在10 pc和一个尺寸上限之间的EO,这表明了一个明显的趋势:物体越亮,尺寸上限就越大。对于与早型和晚型星系相关的EOs,光度函数的峰值分别为-6.40和-6.47等,比GC光度函数的峰值暗约一个星等。在reff vs. MV参数空间中,色球和色球形成了一个相干结构,而色球和早型矮星系之间存在明显的间隙。然而,有一个小的潜在的重叠在高质量的一端,最广泛的EO接近紧凑的椭圆星系的参数。我们比较EO样本与数值模型,并得出结论,EO样本作为一个整体的参数可以很好地解释了星团的起源,其中EO是合并的集群复合物的结果。
英文摘要:
Extended stellar clusters with effective radii larger than 10 pc have been found in various environments. Objects with masses comparable to globular clusters (GCs) are called extended clusters (ECs), while objects with masses in the dwarf galaxy regime are called ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). The paper analyses the observational parameters luminosity, effective radius, and projected distance to the host galaxy, of all known ECs and UCDs and the dependence of these parameters on the type and the luminosity of their host galaxy. We searched the available literature to compile a catalog of star clusters larger than 10 pc. As there is no clear distinction between ECs and UCDs, both types of objects will be called extended stellar objects (EOs). In total, we found 813 EOs of which 171 are associated with late-type and 642 with early-type galaxies. EOs cover a luminosity range from about MV = -4 to -14 mag. However, the vast majority of EOs brighter than -10 mag are associated with elliptical galaxies. At each magnitude EOs are found with effective radii between 10 pc and an upper size limit, which shows a clear trend: the more luminous the object the larger is the upper size limit. For EOs associated with early-and late-type galaxies, the luminosity functions peak at -6.40 and -6.47 mag, respectively, which is about one magnitude fainter than the peak of the GC luminosity function. EOs and GCs form a coherent structure in the reff vs. MV parameter space, while there is a clear gap between EOs and early type dwarf galaxies. However, there is a small potential overlap at the high-mass end, where the most extended EOs are close to the parameters of compact elliptical galaxies. We compare the EO sample with numerical models and conclude that the parameters of the EO sample as a whole can be very well explained by a star cluster origin, where EOs are the results of merged cluster complexes.
Spitzer Matching survey of the UltraVISTA ultra-deep Stripes (SMUVS): Full-mission IRAC Mosaics and Catalogs
本文介绍了新的深3.6和4.5微米成像的三个UltraVISTA近红外探测条纹内的COSMOS领域。这些观测是用斯皮策的红外线阵列相机(IRAC)进行的,用于斯皮策对Ultra-VISTA深条纹的匹配调查(SMUVS)。在这项工作中,我们提出了我们的数据减少技术,并记录所产生的马赛克,覆盖地图,目录在两个IRAC通带的三个最东端的UltraVISTA调查条纹,覆盖约0.66平方度的组合面积,其中0.45平方度至少有20小时的集成时间。SMUVS在3.6和4.5微米处达到约25.0 AB mag的点源灵敏度,具有4-sigma的显著性,占调查灵敏度和源混淆。在这个极限下,SMUVS星表总共包含大约350,000个源,每个源至少在一个IRAC波段中被显著检测到。由于其均匀和高灵敏度,相对较大的区域覆盖范围,以及COSMOS提供的广泛的辅助数据,SMUVS调查将有助于大量的宇宙学研究。我们将通过斯皮策科学中心公开提供本文所述的所有图像和目录。
In the next decade, deep galaxy surveys from telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope and Roman Space Telescope will provide transformational data sets that will greatly enhance the understanding of galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization (EoR). In this work, we present the Deep Realistic Extragalactic Model (DREaM) for creating synthetic galaxy catalogs. Our model combines dark matter simulations, subhalo abundance matching and empirical models, and includes galaxy positions, morphologies, and spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The resulting synthetic catalog extends to …
Ultra-Flat Galaxies Selected from RFGC Catalog. I. The Sample Properties
我们使用修订的扁平星系目录(RFGC)创建了一个超扁平星系(UFG)的样本,覆盖了除银河系区域外的整个北部和南部天空。它包含了817个从侧面看去的旋涡星系,根据它们在蓝色和红色波段的视轴比分别为$(a/b)_B\geq10.0$和$(a/b)_R\geq8.53$而被选入UFG样本。在这个基本样本中,我们固定了441个UFG星系的示例性样本,其径向速度为$V_{LG} < 10000$ km s $^{-1}$,银河纬度为$\mid b\mid>10^{\circ}$,蓝色角直径为$a_B > 1.0^{\prime}$。根据Schmidt检验,441个星系的典型样本具有约(80-90)%的完整性,这足以研究超扁平星系的不同性质。我们发现,超过3/4的UFG具有$T= 7\pm1$窄范围内的形态类型,即最薄的星盘出现在Scd、Sd和Sdm类型中。UFG星系的平均表面亮度趋向于向最平坦的无膨胀星系减小。没有不对称迹象的规则形状的圆盘在所有RFGC星系和UFG样本天体中约占2/3。大约60%的超扁平星系可以被称为动力学孤立的物体,而其中30%可能属于分散的协会(细丝,壁),只有大约10%的它们是相对于邻居的动力学主导星系。
Ultra-Flat Galaxies Selected from RFGC Catalog. II. Orbital Estimates of Halo Masses
我们使用修订的扁平星系表(RFGC),选择817个超扁平(UF)的边缘盘星系的蓝色和红色的视轴比$(a/b)_B > 10.0$和$(a/b)_R > 8.5$。样本覆盖了整个天空,除了银河系区域,包含490个具有测量径向速度的UF星系。我们对它们周围的邻近星系的检查显示,在$R_p < 250$ kpc的投影分离内,只有30个径向速度差为$^{-1}$ km s的伴星。其中,在$R_p < 750$ kpc范围内,UF星系周围的较宽区域不包含其他比UF星系本身更亮的邻居。所得的样本星系大多属于Sc、Scd、Sd形态类型。它们有一个中等的自转速度曲线振幅约为$120$ km s $^{-1}$和一个中等的K带光度约为$10^{10}L_{\odot}$。它们的伴星径向速度的中位差为$87$ km s $^{-1}$,产生的中位轨道质量估计值约为$5\times10^{11}M_{\odot}$。排除6个可能的非孤立星系对后,我们得到了一个典型的UF星系晕-恒星质量比,大约为$30$,这与最近星系群中的主要旋涡星系M31和M81几乎相同。我们还注意到,超平星系看起来比其他同样光度的螺旋星系少两倍的“尘埃”。
Ultra-deep catalog of X-ray groups in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
钱德拉和XMM-牛顿对ECDF-S的超深观测使人们能够搜索扩展的X射线发射,其通量达到前所未有的$2\times10^{-16}$尔格s $^{-1}$ cm $^{-2}$。我们提出了搜索的空间尺度上的32 $^{\prime\prime}$在钱德拉和XMM数据,覆盖0.3平方度和模型的弧分尺度上的扩展发射。我们提出了一个目录的46光谱确定的群体,达到红移1.6。结果表明,ECDF-S的统计性质,如logN-logS和X射线光度函数与LCDM基本一致,但dn/dz/$Ω$检验表明,ECDF-S中$0.2<z<0.5$的红移范围是稀疏分布的.然而,由于附近结构的缺乏,使得在X射线和透镜中研究高红移群特别容易,因为聚集的前景水平较低。我们提出了星系群的一点和两点统计以及弱透镜分析,以表明所检测到的低光度系统确实是低质量系统。我们验证的适用性之间的标度关系的X射线光度和总质量的组,来自COSMOS调查,以较低的质量和较高的红移探测ECDF-S通过堆叠弱透镜和聚类分析,约束任何可能的偏差在30%的质量。节录。
The FourStar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE): ultraviolet to far-infrared catalogs, medium-bandwidth photometric redshifts with improved accuracy, stellar masses, and confirmation of quiescent galaxies to z~3.5