莫扎特效应、认知失调与音乐的愉悦
Mozart Effect, Cognitive Dissonance, and the Pleasure of Music
摘要：
莫扎特效应是指听莫扎特音乐后，某些心理任务短期改善的科学数据，也是其流行版本，即听莫扎特音乐使你更聪明（Tomatis，1991;维基百科，2012）。莫扎特效应是否指向音乐的一种基本认知功能？音乐的这种效果是由于快乐性，心理体验的基本维度吗？本文探讨了最近的一个假设，即音乐有助于容忍认知失调，从而使知识的积累和人类文化的进化（Perlovsky，2010年，2012年）。我们研究了音乐的影响是否与其享乐性有关，以及愉快或不愉快的音乐是否会影响学术测试表现和认知失调。这里评估的具体假设是，在测试过程中，学生经历了矛盾的认知，导致认知失调。如果某些音乐有助于容忍认知失调，那么首先，这种音乐应该增加参与者在评估测试选择时能够忍受压力条件的持续时间。其次，这应该会提高性能。这些假设在实验中得到了初步证实，因为愉快的音乐与更好的表现相关，高于在冷漠或不愉快的音乐下的表现。由此可见，音乐可能发挥着一种基本的认知功能，解释了音乐能力的起源和进化，这在以前被认为是一个谜。
英文摘要：
The Mozart effect refers to scientific data on short-term improvement on certain mental tasks after listening to Mozart, and also to its popularized version that listening to Mozart makes you smarter (Tomatis, 1991; Wikipedia, 2012). Does Mozart effect point to a fundamental cognitive function of music? Would such an effect of music be due to the hedonicity, a fundamental dimension of mental experience? The present paper explores a recent hypothesis that music helps to tolerate cognitive dissonances and thus enabled accumulation of knowledge and human cultural evolution (Perlovsky, 2010, 2012). We studied whether the influence of music is related to its hedonicity and whether pleasant or unpleasant music would influence scholarly test performance and cognitive dissonance. Specific hypotheses evaluated here are that during a test students experience contradictory cognitions that cause cognitive dissonances. If some music helps to tolerate cognitive dissonances, then first, this music should increase the duration during which participants can tolerate stressful conditions while evaluating test choices. Second, this should result in improved performance. These hypotheses are tentatively confirmed in the reported experiments as the agreeable music was correlated with better performance above that under indifferent or unpleasant music. It follows that music likely performs a fundamental cognitive function explaining the origin and evolution of musical ability considered previously a mystery.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
