天体测量学的历史
The History of Astrometry
摘要：
天体测量学是天文学的一个分支，研究天体的位置，它的历史是一部漫长而复杂的编年史，起源于两千多年前最早的天文观测记录，一直延伸到今天从太空进行的高精度观测。恒星位置的改善逐步打开和推进了科学探索的基本领域，包括我们对太阳系规模的理解，地球在太空中运动的细节，以及对牛顿定律的理解和接受。它们也被证明对海上航行的实际任务至关重要。在过去的400年里，定位精度随着时间的推移大致以几何学的方式提高，利用地球绕太阳轨道提供的扩展测量基线，对到最近恒星的距离进行了三角测量。这导致了对宇宙极其庞大的规模进行量化，确定了恒星的物理性质，并最终描述了我们银河系的结构，动力学和起源。20世纪中叶，由于地球大气层的扰动效应，精度的提高受到很大阻碍，在此之后，从空间平台获得的恒星位置的超高精度使这一基础科学在过去几年中取得了新的进展。
英文摘要：
The history of astrometry, the branch of astronomy dealing with the positions of celestial objects, is a lengthy and complex chronicle, having its origins in the earliest records of astronomical observations more than two thousand years ago, and extending to the high accuracy observations being made from space today. Improved star positions progressively opened up and advanced fundamental fields of scientific enquiry, including our understanding of the scale of the solar system, the details of the Earth's motion through space, and the comprehension and acceptance of Newtonianism. They also proved crucial to the practical task of maritime navigation. Over the past 400 years, during which positional accuracy has improved roughly logarithmically with time, the distances to the nearest stars were triangulated, making use of the extended measurement baseline given by the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This led to quantifying the extravagantly vast scale of the Universe, to a determination of the physical properties of stars, and to the resulting characterisation of the structure, dynamics and origin of our Galaxy. After a period in the middle years of the twentieth century in which accuracy improvements were greatly hampered by the perturbing effects of the Earth's atmosphere, ultra-high accuracies of star positions from space platforms have led to a renewed advance in this fundamental science over the past few years.
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