热力学和时间方向不变性
Thermodynamics and time-directional invariance
摘要：
在常规热力学中，时间方向不是不变的。我们广泛地遵循路德维希玻尔兹曼的思想，并探讨在热力学假设的时间方向不变性的影响。在这项研究中，我们要求热力学描述不改变下的时间反转伴随着由反物质取代的物质（即CPT不变热力学）。物质和反物质被定义为热力学概念，而没有详细说明它们的物理结构。我们的分析停留在概念热力学的极限内，并导致有效的负温度、对时间旅行的热力学限制以及物质和反物质的固有对抗。这种对抗是纯粹的热力学;它解释了物质和反物质之间难以达到热力学平衡，也没有假设它们在接触时相互湮灭。我们相信，这项工作的结论不仅对研究或教学热力学的人，而且对更广泛的科学受众都有意义。
英文摘要：
Time directions are not invariant in conventional thermodynamics. We broadly follow ideas of Ludwig Boltzmann and investigate implications of postulating time-directional invariance in thermodynamics. In this investigation, we require that thermodynamic descriptions are not changed under time reversal accompanied by replacement of matter by antimatter (i.e. CPT-invariant thermodynamics). The matter and antimatter are defined as thermodynamic concepts without detailing their physical structure. Our analysis stays within the limits of conceptual thermodynamics and leads to effective negative temperatures, to thermodynamic restrictions on time travel and to inherent antagonism of matter and antimatter. This antagonism is purely thermodynamic; it explains the difficulty in achieving thermodynamic equilibrium between matter and antimatter and does not postulate their mutual annihilation on contact. We believe that the conclusions of this work can be of interest not only for people researching or teaching thermodynamics but also for a wider scientific audience.
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