宇宙射线产生的锂：火星有较厚的大气层和液态水的时间估计
Lithium generated by cosmic rays: an estimator of the time that Mars had a thicker atmosphere and liquid water
摘要：
锂在宇宙射线中过量，因为质子撞击碳和氧原子核并使它们裂变。这种裂变的产物之一是锂。考虑到这种对碳原子和氧原子的偏好，在这项工作中，我提出，在几乎纯二氧化碳的大气中，如火星和金星的大气中，锂核是通过与宇宙射线相互作用产生的。我计算了锂的产生率，得出的结论是，在两巴或更高的压力下，每一个初级宇宙射线质子产生21到81个锂核。对于较低的压力，产量较少，几乎为火星或地球目前的压力（二氧化碳压力）。假设宇宙射线到达火星的速率与地球相同，并且火星历史上的压力大于2巴，那么锂的数量将在1.62亿至6.42亿公吨之间（地球上的锂储量估计为3000万公吨）。这些值是上限;火星上锂的实际含量将取决于该行星拥有稠密大气层的时间（> 2巴）。也就是说，宇宙射线产生的锂的量，可以用来估计火星有厚厚的大气层的时间，因此可以估计火星表面有液态水的能力。
英文摘要：
Lithium is overabundant in cosmic rays because protons impact on carbon and oxygen nuclei and fission them. Among the products of this fission is lithium. Given this preference for carbon and oxygen atoms, in this work I propose that in an atmosphere of almost pure CO2, such as Mars and Venus atmospheres, lithium nuclei are produced by interaction with cosmic rays. I calculated the production rate of lithium and came to the conclusion that, for pressures of two bars or greater, are produced between 21 and 81 lithium nuclei for each primary cosmic rays proton. For lower pressures, the production is less and almost nil with the current pressure of Mars or Earth (pressure of CO2). Assuming a rate of cosmic ray arrival at Mars equal to that of Earth, and a pressure greater than two bars throughout the history of Mars, the amount of lithium that would occur would be between 162 and 642 million metric tons (in the Earth lithium estimated reserves are 30 million metric tons). These values are an upper limit; the actual amount of lithium on Mars will depend on the time in which the planet had a dense atmosphere (> 2 bars). That is, the amount of lithium produced by cosmic rays, serves to estimate the time that Mars had a thick atmosphere and therefore the capacity for have liquid water on surface.
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