早期原子模型：从力学到量子（1904-1913）
Early Atomic Models - From Mechanical to Quantum (1904-1913)
摘要：
早期原子模型的完整历史可以写得很长，但从机械原子到量子的路径的合理连贯的故事可以通过关注原子物理学的三位伟大贡献者的相关工作来讲述，在1904年至1913年的关键时期：J. J.汤姆森，欧内斯特卢瑟福和尼尔斯玻尔。我们首先研究汤姆逊的机械原子模型的起源，从他在19世纪80年代初的空灵涡旋原子，到他在1897年发现电子后提出的无数“微粒”原子。除了对元素周期性的预测之外，汤姆逊原子在散射和吸收问题中的应用导致了定量预测，这些预测被高速电子穿越薄金属片的实验所证实。不过，卢瑟福研究的质量更大、能量更高的α粒子更适合探索原子内部，对它们散射的角度依赖性的仔细测量最终使他推断出原子核的存在。尼尔斯·玻尔对任何机械原子所固有的辐射不稳定性特别感到困扰，并在1913年成功地在其他人未能预测发射光谱的情况下，提出了两个大胆的假设，这两个假设与经典物理学定律相矛盾，但为了解释实验事实，这是必要的。
英文摘要：
A complete history of early atomic models would fill volumes, but a reasonably coherent tale of the path from mechanical atoms to the quantum can be told by focusing on the relevant work of three great contributors to atomic physics, in the critically important years between 1904 and 1913: J. J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr. We first examine the origins of Thomson's mechanical atomic models, from his ethereal vortex atoms in the early 1880's, to the myriad "corpuscular" atoms he proposed following the discovery of the electron in 1897. Beyond predictions for the periodicity of the elements, the application of Thomson's atoms to problems in scattering and absorption led to quantitative predictions that were confirmed by experiments with high-velocity electrons traversing thin sheets of metal. Still, the much more massive and energetic α-particles being studied by Rutherford were better suited for exploring the interior of the atom, and careful measurements on the angular dependence of their scattering eventually allowed him to infer the existence of an atomic nucleus. Niels Bohr was particularly troubled by the radiative instability inherent to any mechanical atom, and succeeded in 1913 where others had failed in the prediction of emission spectra, by making two bold hypotheses that were in contradiction to the laws of classical physics, but necessary in order to account for experimental facts.
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