科学标准、宇宙学与历史教训
Criteria of Science, Cosmology, and Lessons of History
摘要：
也许宇宙学比任何其他物理科学都更能说明科学与哲学之间不可避免的联系，包括区分科学与非科学的划界标准问题。虽然现代物理宇宙学无疑是科学的，但它为什么具有这种地位并不明显，而且理论宇宙学的所有分支都满足通常假定的科学标准也不明显。虽然可检验性通常被认为是一个理论是否科学的一个不可或缺的标准，但宇宙学家们对可检验性的确切含义并没有一致的看法。例如，可检验性是否应该被认为意味着波普尔意义上的可证伪性？我讨论这个问题和相关的问题，指的是两个事件的争议在现代宇宙学的历史上，在20世纪50年代的稳态理论和最近的辩论有关的人存多元宇宙的辩论。此外，我提请注意在宇宙学和其他科学论证中使用的历史类比，这表明这种使用往往是滥用或基于对科学史的歪曲。
英文摘要：
Perhaps more than any other of the physical sciences, cosmology exemplifies the inevitable contact between science and philosophy, including the problem of the demarcation criteria that distinguish science from non-science. Although modern physical cosmology is undoubtedly scientific, it is not obvious why it has this status, and nor is it obvious that all branches of theoretical cosmology satisfy ordinarily assumed criteria for science. While testability is generally admitted as an indispensable criterion for a theory being scientific, there is no agreement among cosmologists what testability means, more precisely. For example, should testability be taken to imply falsifiability in the sense of Popper? I discuss this and related questions by referring to two episodes of controversy in the history of modern cosmology, the debate over the steady state theory in the 1950s and the recent debate concerned with the anthropic multiverse. In addition, I draw attention to the use of historical analogies in cosmological and other scientific arguments, suggesting that such use is often misuse or otherwise based on distortions of the history of science.
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