一种新的可视化暗物质模拟方法
A Novel Approach to Visualizing Dark Matter Simulations
摘要：
在过去的几十年里，宇宙学N体暗物质模拟使从头开始研究宇宙结构的形成成为可能。引力放大了大爆炸后不久产生的微小密度波动，导致宇宙网中星系的形成。这些计算导致了对分析基于时间依赖性粒子的模拟的方法的需求不断增长。用于这种N体模拟数据的渲染方法通常采用经由基于点的渲染基元的某种溅射方法，并且使用SPH（平滑粒子流体动力学）代码中常见的内核插值技术来近似物理量的空间分布。本文提出了三种GPU辅助绘制方法，基于一种新的，更精确的方法来计算物理密度的暗物质模拟数据。它使用完整的相空间信息来生成计算域的四面体镶嵌，网格顶点由模拟的暗物质粒子位置定义。随着时间的推移，网格因重力而变形，导致四面体单元扭曲和重叠。这些新方法非常适合将宇宙网络可视化。特别是它们保留了焦散线，当几股暗物质粒子流在空间中共享同一位置时出现的高密度区域，这表明形成了片层、细丝和晕等结构。我们展示了优越的图像质量的新方法的比较与三个标准的渲染技术N体模拟数据。
英文摘要：
In the last decades cosmological N-body dark matter simulations have enabled ab initio studies of the formation of structure in the Universe. Gravity amplified small density fluctuations generated shortly after the Big Bang, leading to the formation of galaxies in the cosmic web. These calculations have led to a growing demand for methods to analyze time-dependent particle based simulations. Rendering methods for such N-body simulation data usually employ some kind of splatting approach via point based rendering primitives and approximate the spatial distributions of physical quantities using kernel interpolation techniques, common in SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)-codes. This paper proposes three GPU-assisted rendering approaches, based on a new, more accurate method to compute the physical densities of dark matter simulation data. It uses full phase-space information to generate a tetrahedral tessellation of the computational domain, with mesh vertices defined by the simulation's dark matter particle positions. Over time the mesh is deformed by gravitational forces, causing the tetrahedral cells to warp and overlap. The new methods are well suited to visualize the cosmic web. In particular they preserve caustics, regions of high density that emerge, when several streams of dark matter particles share the same location in space, indicating the formation of structures like sheets, filaments and halos. We demonstrate the superior image quality of the new approaches in a comparison with three standard rendering techniques for N-body simulation data.
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