极高能gamma-ray天文学：高能天体粒子物理学23年的成功故事
Very-high energy gamma-ray astronomy: A 23-year success story in high-energy astroparticle physics
摘要：
极高能量（VHE）伽马量子对宇宙射线通量的贡献很小，不到百万分之一。然而，作为中性粒子，它们是目前相对论/超相对论宇宙过程的最佳“信使”，因为它们可以外推回它们的起源。VHE伽马射线的窗口直到1989年才由惠普尔合作组织打开，报告了来自蟹状星云的TeV伽马射线的观测结果。在缓慢的起步之后，这一新的研究领域正在迅速扩大，发现了150多个VHE伽马射线发射源。进步与探测器的稳步改进和计算能力的快速提高密切相关。我们给出了一个概述之前和1989年前后的早期尝试和惠普尔合作的开创性工作后的进展。这篇文章的主要重点是地球上的伽玛射线探测器的实验技术的发展，因此，更多的重点是那些实验，取得了初步的突破，而不是继任者往往有一个类似的（有时甚至更高）的科学产出的开创性实验。所考虑的能量阈值约为30 GeV。在较低的能量下，目前只能用气球或卫星上的探测器进行观测。不管实验进展如何，如果没有广泛的科学成果，这个成功的故事就不能被称为成功的故事。因此，我们总结了这篇文章的科学原理和在过去二十年中取得的主要成果。
英文摘要：
Very-high energy (VHE) gamma quanta contribute only a minuscule fraction - below one per million - to the flux of cosmic rays. Nevertheless, being neutral particles they are currently the best "messengers" of processes from the relativistic/ultra-relativistic Universe because they can be extrapolated back to their origin. The window of VHE gamma rays was opened only in 1989 by the Whipple collaboration, reporting the observation of TeV gamma rays from the Crab nebula. After a slow start, this new field of research is now rapidly expanding with the discovery of more than 150 VHE gamma-ray emitting sources. Progress is intimately related with the steady improvement of detectors and rapidly increasing computing power. We give an overview of the early attempts before and around 1989 and the progress after the pioneering work of the Whipple collaboration. The main focus of this article is on the development of experimental techniques for Earth-bound gamma-ray detectors; consequently, more emphasis is given to those experiments that made an initial breakthrough rather than to the successors which often had and have a similar (sometimes even higher) scientific output as the pioneering experiments. The considered energy threshold is about 30 GeV. At lower energies, observations can presently only be performed with balloon or satellite-borne detectors. Irrespective of the stormy experimental progress, the success story could not have been called a success story without a broad scientific output. Therefore we conclude this article with a summary of the scientific rationales and main results achieved over the last two decades.
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