相对论性laser等离子体在辐射占优区泵浦的奇异稠密物质态
Exotic dense matter states pumped by relativistic laser plasma in the radiation dominant regime
摘要：
高能量密度等离子体的性质近年来受到越来越多的关注，因为它们对我们理解恒星内部、巨行星$^{1}$的核心以及惯性约束聚变装置$^2$中热等离子体的性质具有重要意义。当物质被X射线加热时，内壳层中的电子在价电子之前被电离。由内而外的电离产生了内部电子壳层为空的原子或离子，称为空心原子（或离子）$^{3,4,5}$。自由电子激光（FEL）技术的最新进展$^{6,7,8,9}$已经使得产生主要由空心原子组成的凝聚态物质成为可能。在这封信中，我们证明，这种奇异的物质状态，这是非常远离平衡，也可以形成更传统的光学激光技术时，激光强度接近辐射主导制度$^{10}$。这种光子主导的系统是相关的研究发现在活动星系核和X射线双星$^{11}$的光电离等离子体。我们的研究结果促进激光产生的等离子体作为一个独特的超亮x射线源，为未来的研究在极端条件下的物质，以及为生物系统的射线照相和材料科学研究$^{12,13,14,15}$。
英文摘要：
The properties of high energy density plasma are under increasing scrutiny in recent years due to their importance to our understanding of stellar interiors, the cores of giant planets$^{1}$, and the properties of hot plasma in inertial confinement fusion devices$^2$. When matter is heated by X-rays, electrons in the inner shells are ionized before the valence electrons. Ionization from the inside out creates atoms or ions with empty internal electron shells, which are known as hollow atoms (or ions)$^{3,4,5}$. Recent advances in free-electron laser (FEL) technology$^{6,7,8,9}$ have made possible the creation of condensed matter consisting predominantly of hollow atoms. In this Letter, we demonstrate that such exotic states of matter, which are very far from equilibrium, can also be formed by more conventional optical laser technology when the laser intensity approaches the radiation dominant regime$^{10}$. Such photon-dominated systems are relevant to studies of photoionized plasmas found in active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries$^{11}$. Our results promote laser-produced plasma as a unique ultra-bright x-ray source for future studies of matter in extreme conditions as well as for radiography of biological systems and for material science studies$^{12,13,14,15}$.
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