从伽利略的错误中吸取教训
Learning from Galileo's errors
摘要：
在出版四百年后，伽利略的杰作《星际使者》仍然是科学和天文学历史学家的有用信息宝库。伽利略在他的小书中报告了大量的数据，尽管年代久远，但尚未得到充分的探索。本文利用现代天文软件对伽利略对木星卫星的首次观测进行了重新定量分析。所有的角度记录报告的恒星书，第一次，与卫星的伸长率仔细重建考虑到软件的准确性和观测时间的不确定性进行了比较。这种比较使我们能够得出伽利略测量的实验误差，并使我们直接了解伽利略观测的有效角分辨率。到目前为止，科学史家主要是间接地获得这些，他们往往没有正确的估计。此外，对伽利略实验误差的统计分析表明，误差的分布是不对称的，并且普遍存在正误差。这种行为可能有助于更好地理解伽利略用来测量角伸长的方法，因为在《恒星宣言》中描述的方法显然是错误的。
英文摘要：
Four hundred years after its publication, Galileo's masterpiece Sidereus Nuncius is still a mine of useful information for historians of science and astronomy. In his short book Galileo reports a large amount of data that, despite its age, has not yet been fully explored. In this paper Galileo's first observations of Jupiter's satellites are quantitatively re-analysed by using modern planetarium software. All the angular records reported in the Sidereus Nuncius are, for the first time, compared with satellites' elongations carefully reconstructed taking into account software accuracy and the indeterminacy of observation time. This comparison allows us to derive the experimental errors of Galileo's measurements and gives us direct insight into the effective angular resolution of Galileo's observations. Until now, historians of science have mainly obtained these indirectly and they are often not correctly estimated. Furthermore, a statistical analysis of Galileo's experimental errors shows an asymmetrical distribution with prevailing positive errors. This behaviour may help to better understand the method Galileo used to measure angular elongation, since the method described in the Sidereus Nuncius is clearly wrong.
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