单个望远镜和干涉仪的光子轨道angular momentum和扭矩度量
Photon orbital angular momentum and torque metrics for single telescopes and interferometers
摘要：
上下文光子轨道角动量（POAM）通常在量子力学背景下调用。然而，它也可以适用于经典体系，其中包括观测天文学。目标。我解释了为什么POAM数量是描述天文系统端到端行为的优秀指标。为了证明他们的效用，我计算POAM的概率和扭矩从全息测量EVLA天线表面。方法.与以前定义的概念和演算，我提出了通用表达式POAM光谱，总POAM，扭矩谱，总扭矩在图像平面。我扩展这些功能的形式来描述特定的POAM行为的单个望远镜和干涉仪。结果空间不相关的天文源的POAM概率在量子数上是对称的。这样的物体在天球上具有零固有总POAM，这意味着在像平面中的总POAM与由传播介质和仪器内的像差引起的总扭矩相同。总转矩可分为与源无关的分量和非源分量，非源分量又可写成三种形式。对于干涉仪，合成孔径的离散采样会产生复杂性，但它们是可以克服的。POAM还表现在阵列中每个望远镜的切趾中。观察点源的EVLA天线的全息图表明，在n = 0状态中的~ 10%的光子被扭转到n！0个州。结论. POAM量代表了表征仪器的优秀指标，因为它们用于同时描述振幅和相位像差。相比之下，泽尼克多项式只是微分方程的解，其恰好对应于特定类型的像差，并且通常用于仅拟合相位。
英文摘要：
Context. Photon orbital angular momentum (POAM) is normally invoked in a quantum mechanical context. It can, however, also be adapted to the classical regime, which includes observational astronomy. Aims. I explain why POAM quantities are excellent metrics for describing the end-to-end behavior of astronomical systems. To demonstrate their utility, I calculate POAM probabilities and torques from holography measurements of EVLA antenna surfaces. Methods. With previously defined concepts and calculi, I present generic expressions for POAM spectra, total POAM, torque spectra, and total torque in the image plane. I extend these functional forms to describe the specific POAM behavior of single telescopes and interferometers. Results. POAM probabilities of spatially uncorrelated astronomical sources are symmetric in quantum number. Such objects have zero intrinsic total POAM on the celestial sphere, which means that the total POAM in the image plane is identical to the total torque induced by aberrations within propagation media & instrumentation. The total torque can be divided into source- independent and dependent components, and the latter can be written in terms of three illustrative forms. For interferometers, complications arise from discrete sampling of synthesized apertures, but they can be overcome. POAM also manifests itself in the apodization of each telescope in an array. Holography of EVLA antennas observing a point source indicate that ~ 10% of photons in the n = 0 state are torqued to n != 0 states. Conclusions. POAM quantities represent excellent metrics for characterizing instruments because they are used to simultaneously describe amplitude and phase aberrations. In contrast, Zernike polynomials are just solutions of a differential equation that happen to ~ correspond to specific types of aberrations and are typically employed to fit only phases.
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