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arXiv 1202.0041astro-ph.CO
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大质量早型星系中热气冷却和射电AGN活动的宇宙史

The Cosmic History of Hot Gas Cooling and Radio AGN Activity in Massive Early-Type Galaxies

A. L. R. Danielson, B. D. Lehmer, D. M. Alexander, W. N. Brandt, B. Luo, N. Miller, Y. Q. Xue, J. P. Stott

摘要:

本文在Chandra深场中研究了393个红移范围为z~0.0-1.2的光选早型星系(ETG)的X射线性质。为了测量ETG群体的平均X射线特性,我们使用X射线叠加分析,其中158个被动ETG(其中148个在X射线中单独未检测到)。这个ETG子集被构造为跨越红移范围,在~4 Ms CDF-S和~2 Ms CDF-N中z = 0.1-1.2,在~250 ks E-CDF-S中z = 0.1-0.6,其中来自单独未检测到的活动星系核的贡献预计在我们的叠加中可以忽略不计。我们发现,在X射线中单独检测到了55个ETG,其中12个星系具有与被动热气主导系统一致的特性(即,不受X射线明亮的活动星系核支配的星系)。在我们分析的基础上,我们发现,从z~1.2开始,0.5-2 keV与B带的平均光度比(L_X/L_B与[1 + z]^[1.2]成正比)几乎没有变化,这意味着在这些系统中,某些加热机制阻止了气体的冷却。我们认为来自射电活动星系核活动的反馈可能是加热气体的原因。我们选择无线电活动星系核的ETG人口使用其远红外/无线电流量比。我们的射电观测使我们能够限制ETG样本中射电活动星系核活动的占空比历史。我们估计,如果在这里研究的ETG种群中,射电和机械能之间的标度关系保持到z~1.2,则活动星系核活动的平均机械能比红移范围z~0-1.2的热气体的平均辐射冷却能大1.4-2.6倍。从这些ETG中推断出的活动星系核机械能的过剩与在当地宇宙中发现的类似类型的星系是一致的。

英文摘要:

We study the X-ray properties of 393 optically selected early-type galaxies (ETGs) over the redshift range of z~0.0-1.2 in the Chandra Deep Fields. To measure the average X-ray properties of the ETG population, we use X-ray stacking analyses with a subset of 158 passive ETGs (148 of which were individually undetected in X-ray). This ETG subset was constructed to span the redshift ranges of z = 0.1-1.2 in the ~4 Ms CDF-S and ~2 Ms CDF-N and z = 0.1-0.6 in the ~250 ks E-CDF-S where the contribution from individually undetected AGNs is expected to be negligible in our stacking. We find that 55 of the ETGs are detected individually in the X-rays, and 12 of these galaxies have properties consistent with being passive hot-gas dominated systems (i.e., systems not dominated by an X-ray bright Active Galactic Nucleus; AGN). On the basis of our analyses, we find little evolution in the mean 0.5-2 keV to B-band luminosity ratio (L_X/L_B proportional to [1 + z]^1.2) since z~1.2, implying that some heating mechanism prevents the gas from cooling in these systems. We consider that feedback from radio-mode AGN activity could be responsible for heating the gas. We select radio AGNs in the ETG population using their far-infrared/radio flux ratio. Our radio observations allow us to constrain the duty cycle history of radio AGN activity in our ETG sample. We estimate that if scaling relations between radio and mechanical power hold out to z~1.2 for the ETG population being studied here, the average mechanical power from AGN activity is a factor of ~1.4-2.6 times larger than the average radiative cooling power from hot gas over the redshift range z~0-1.2. The excess of inferred AGN mechanical power from these ETGs is consistent with that found in the local Universe for similar types of galaxies.

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