暗物质和失踪质量的替代配方
Dark matter and alternative recipes for the missing mass
摘要：
在标准的宇宙学场景中，宇宙被模糊的成分（暗物质和暗能量）填充，占其能量预算的95%。特别是，宇宙中几乎所有的物质含量都是由暗物质提供的，暗物质主导着质量预算，并驱动着星系和星系团的动力学。不幸的是，暗物质和暗能量还没有被探测到，也没有直接或间接的观测可以证明它们的存在和数量。出于这个原因，一些作者建议修改爱因斯坦相对论或改变牛顿动力学定律（分别在相对论和经典框架内）可以取代这些未观察到的成分。我们将开始讨论暗物质在早型星系中的作用，主要是在它们的中心区域，研究它的含量如何作为每个星系的质量和大小的函数而变化，并对恒星的初始质量函数进行了一些考虑。在本文的第二部分，我们描述了，作为例子，一些方法来克服暗物质假设，通过拟合的观测修正动力学来自广义相对论扩展理论和修正牛顿动力学（MOND）。
英文摘要：
Within the standard cosmological scenario the Universe is found to be filled by obscure components (dark matter and dark energy) for ~95% of its energy budget. In particular, almost all the matter content in the Universe is given by dark matter, which dominates the mass budget and drives the dynamics of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Unfortunately, dark matter and dark energy have not been detected and no direct or indirected observations have allowed to prove their existence and amount. For this reason, some authors have suggested that a modification of Einstein Relativity or the change of the Newton's dynamics law (within a relativistic and classical framework, respectively) could allow to replace these unobserved components. We will start discussing the role of dark matter in the early-type galaxies, mainly in their central regions, investigating how its content changes as a function of the mass and the size of each galaxy and few considerations about the stellar Initial mass function have been made. In the second part of the paper we have described, as examples, some ways to overcome the dark matter hypothesis, by fitting to the observations the modified dynamics coming out from general relativistic extended theories and the MOdyfied Newtonian dynamics (MOND).
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