没有必然的法律，但在生物圈的进化启用
No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere
摘要：
生物进化是不断变化的结构稳定性，变异性和新的表型，生态位，生态系统的出现的复杂混合。我们希望论证，生命的进化标志着一种物理学世界观的终结，这种物理学世界观是由动力学规律决定的。我们的考虑取决于讨论“生命背景”的可变性：生物体，生物生态位和生态系统之间的相互作用。这些是不断变化的，本质上是不确定的，甚至是不可预测的：我们事先不知道构成选择边界条件的“小生境”。更一般地说，由于“相空间”（可能性空间）的数学不可预测性，进化的运动定律无法用公式表达。我们称之为从生命到生命的激进涌现。本文的目的是整合的变化和多样性在一个健全的概念框架和不可预测性在一个新的理论水平，非常相空间。我们的论证将与物理学和该学科中相空间的数学构造进行密切的比较。（理论）对称性作为不变保持变换的作用将使我们能够理解物理相空间的性质，并强调合理的生物理论化所需的差异。在这个框架中，我们讨论了“使能”的新概念。这将把因果分析限制在不同的情况下（导致差异的差异）。突变或其他因果差异将使我们能够强调“非守恒原理”是进化的核心，与物理动力学相反，物理动力学主要基于守恒原理作为对称性。临界转变，在物理学中的对称性变化的主要轨迹，将被讨论，并导致“扩展临界”作为一个概念框架，更好地理解物质的生活状态。
英文摘要：
Biological evolution is a complex blend of ever changing structural stability, variability and emergence of new phenotypes, niches, ecosystems. We wish to argue that the evolution of life marks the end of a physics world view of law entailed dynamics. Our considerations depend upon discussing the variability of the very "contexts of life": the interactions between organisms, biological niches and ecosystems. These are ever changing, intrinsically indeterminate and even unprestatable: we do not know ahead of time the "niches" which constitute the boundary conditions on selection. More generally, by the mathematical unprestatability of the "phase space" (space of possibilities), no laws of motion can be formulated for evolution. We call this radical emergence, from life to life. The purpose of this paper is the integration of variation and diversity in a sound conceptual frame and situate unpredictability at a novel theoretical level, that of the very phase space. Our argument will be carried on in close comparisons with physics and the mathematical constructions of phase spaces in that discipline. The role of (theoretical) symmetries as invariant preserving transformations will allow us to understand the nature of physical phase spaces and to stress the differences required for a sound biological theoretizing. In this frame, we discuss the novel notion of "enablement". This will restrict causal analyses to differential cases (a difference that causes a difference). Mutations or other causal differences will allow us to stress that "non conservation principles" are at the core of evolution, in contrast to physical dynamics, largely based on conservation principles as symmetries. Critical transitions, the main locus of symmetry changes in physics, will be discussed, and lead to "extended criticality" as a conceptual frame for a better understanding of the living state of matter.
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