Interferometer readout-noise below the Standard Quantum Limit of a membrane
Tobias Westphal, Daniel Friedrich, Henning Kaufer, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Stefan Gossler, Helge Mueller-Ebhardt, Stefan L. Danilishin, Farid Ya. Khalili, Karsten Da… 展开作者
Tobias Westphal, Daniel Friedrich, Henning Kaufer, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Stefan Gossler, Helge Mueller-Ebhardt, Stefan L. Danilishin, Farid Ya. Khalili, Karsten Danzmann, Roman Schnabel
Here we report on the realization of a Michelson-Sagnac interferometer whose purpose is the precise characterization of the motion of membranes showing significant light transmission. Our interferometer has a readout noise spectral density (imprecision) of 3E-16 m/sqrt(Hz) at frequencies around the fundamental resonance of a SiN_x membrane at about 100 kHz, without using optical cavities. The readout noise demonstrated is more than 16 dB below the peak value of the membrane's standard quantum limit (SQL). This reduction is significantly higher than those of previous works with nano-wires [Teufel et al., Nature Nano. 4, 820 (2009); Anetsberger et al., Nature Phys. 5, 909 (2009)]. We discuss the meaning of the SQL for force measurements and its relation to the readout performance and conclude that neither our nor previous experiments achieved a total noise spectral density as low as the SQL.
The quantum state of light changes its nature when being reflected off a mechanical oscillator due to the latter's susceptibility to radiation pressure. As a result, a coherent state can transform into a squeezed state and can get entangled with the motion of the oscillator. The complete tomographic reconstruction of the state of light requires the ability to readout arbitrary quadratures. Here we demonstrate such a readout by applying a balanced homodyne detector to an interferometric position measurement of a thermally excited high-Q silicon nitride membrane in a Michelson-Sagnac interferome…
Inelastic back-scattering of stray light is a long-standing and fundamental problem in high-sensitivity interferometric measurements and a potential limitation for advanced gravitational-wave detectors. The emerging parasitic interferences cannot be distinguished from a scientific signal via conventional single readout. In this work, we propose the subtraction of inelastic back-scatter signals by employing dual homodyne detection on the output light, and demonstrate it for a table-top Michelson interferometer. The additional readout contains solely parasitic signals and is used to model the sc…
We propose a method to track signals from quadrant photodiodes (QPD) in heterodyne laser interferometers that employ digital phase-locked loops for phase readout. Instead of separately tracking the four segments from the QPD and then combining the results into length and Differential Wavefront Sensing (DWS) signals, this method employs a set of coupled tracking loops that operate directly on the combined length and angular signals. Benefits are increased signal-to-noise ratio in the loops and the possibility to adapt the loop bandwidths to the different dynamical behavior of the signals being …
The sensitivity of laser interferometers can be pushed into regimes that enable the direct observation of quantum behaviour of mechanical oscillators. In the past, membranes with subwavelength thickness (thin films) have been proposed as high-mechanical-quality, low-thermal-noise oscillators. Thin films from a homogenous material, however, generally show considerable light transmission accompanied by heating due to light absorption, which typically reduces the mechanical quality and limits quantum opto-mechanical experiments in particular at low temperatures. In this work, we experimentally an…
The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a proposed future gravitational wave detector. Its design is original, using a triangular orientation of three detectors and a xylophone configuration, splitting each detector into one high-frequency and one low-frequency system. In other aspects the current design retains the dual-recycled Michelson interferometer typical of current detectors, such as Advanced LIGO. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of replacing the low-frequency part of the ET detectors with a Sagnac interferometer. We show that a Sagnac interferometer, using realistic optical param…
Interferometric gravitational wave detectors are expected to be limited by shot noise at some frequencies. We experimentally demonstrate that a power recycled Michelson with squeezed light injected into the dark port can overcome this limit. An improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of 2.3dB is measured and locked stably for long periods of time. The configuration, control and signal readout of our experiment are compatible with current gravitational wave detector designs. We consider the application of our system to long baseline interferometer designs such as LIGO.
The quantum interface (QI) that generates entanglement between photonic and spin-wave (atomic memory) qubits is a basic building block for quantum repeaters. Realizing ensemble-based repeaters in practice requires quantum memory providing long lifetime and multimode capacity. Significant progresses have been achieved on these separate goals. The remaining challenge is to combine long-lived and multimode memories into a single QI. Here, by establishing multimode, magnetic-field-insensitive and long-wavelength spin-wave storage in laser-cooled atoms that are placed inside a phase-passively-stabi…
Squeezed states of light reduce the signal-normalized photon counting noise of measurements without increasing the light power and enable fundamental research on quantum entanglement in hybrid systems of light and matter. Furthermore, the completion of squeezed states with cryo-cooling has high potential. First, measurement sensitivities are usually limited by quantum noise and thermal noise. Second, squeezed states allow for reducing the heat load on cooled devices without losing measurement precision. Here, we demonstrate squeezed-light position sensing of a cryo-cooled micro-mechanical memb…
We present recent sensitivity measurements of the LISA Technology Package interferometer with articulated mirrors as test masses, actuated by piezo-electric transducers. The required longitudinal displacement resolution of 9 pm/sqrt[Hz] above 3 mHz has been demonstrated with an angular noise that corresponds to the expected in on-orbit operation. The excess noise contribution of this test mass jitter onto the sensitive displacement readout was completely subtracted by fitting the angular interferometric data streams to the longitudinal displacement measurement. Thus, this cross-coupling consti…
The second generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors are quickly approaching their design sensitivity. For the first time these detectors will become limited by quantum back-action noise. Several back-action evasion techniques have been proposed to further increase the detector sensitivity. Since most proposals rely on a flexible readout of the full amplitude- and phase-quadrature space of the output light field, balanced homodyne detection is generally expected to replace the currently used DC readout. Up to now, little investigation has been undertaken into how balanced homo…
Ultrasensitive measurement of a small displacement is an essential goal in various applications of science and technology, ranging from large-scale laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors to micro-electro-mechanical-systems-based force microscopy. The least measurable displacement is ultimately limited by the quantum nature of light in a classical optical sensor. Here we use the bright quantum correlated light, i.e., twin beams, generated by a coherent atomic medium to surpass the shot-noise limit (SNL) of the displacement measurement of a membrane in an optical cavity. The sensitiv…
Triply resonant three mode interactions in long optical cavities have been shown to lead to enhanced scattering of carrier light by the ultrasonic acoustic modes of the test mass mirrors. At high optical power, this can lead to parametric instability (parametric gain R > 1) for a few acoustic modes with strong spectral and spatial overlap. Numerous ?~10^3 acoustic modes of the test masses are predicted to have R > 10^2. Experimental studies have shown that such modes also strongly scatter the carrier light, enabling very sensitive readout of the acoustic modes. The 3-mode scattering from the t…
The AEI 10 m prototype interferometer facility is currently being constructed at the Albert Einstein Institute in Hannover, Germany. It aims to perform experiments for future gravitational wave detectors using advanced techniques. Seismically isolated benches are planned to be interferometrically interconnected and stabilized, forming a low-noise testbed inside a 100 m^3 ultra-high vacuum system. A well-stabilized high power laser will perform differential position readout of 100 g test masses in a 10 m suspended arm-cavity enhanced Michelson interferometer at the crossover of measurement (sho…
Vector field dark matter search with Sagnac interferometer
National Central University（中央大学）；Center for High Energy and High Field (CHiP), National Central University（高能高场中心）；Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica（中央研究院物理研究所）；Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Acceleration Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构粒子核研究部）；Phenikaa University（菲尼亚卡大学）；Department of Physics, Rikkyo University（立教大学物理系）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, UTIAS, The University of Tokyo（东京大学理学院宇宙线物质宇宙国际研究教育中心）
