AKARI Observation of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Supercluster at z = 0.087: mid-infrared view of transition galaxies
Jongwan Ko, Myungshin Im, Hyung Mok Lee, Myung Gyoon Lee, Seong Jin Kim, Hyunjin Shim, Yiseul Jeon, Ho Seong Hwang, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Matthew A. Malkan… 展开作者
Jongwan Ko, Myungshin Im, Hyung Mok Lee, Myung Gyoon Lee, Seong Jin Kim, Hyunjin Shim, Yiseul Jeon, Ho Seong Hwang, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Matthew A. Malkan, Casey Papovich, Benjamin J. Weiner, Hideo Matsuhara, Shinki Oyabu, Toshinobu Takagi
备注:
46 pages, 25 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
我们提出的中红外(MIR)的性质的星系内的超星系团在北极地区在z?0.087 AKARI卫星观测到的。我们使用的数据从AKARI NEP宽(5.4 deg 2)IR调查和星系演化研究(CLEVL)任务计划的集群。我们发现,近红外(3 μm)-中红外(11 μm)颜色可以作为一个指标,具体的恒星形成率和存在的中间年龄恒星星族。从MIR观测中发现,红序星系不仅由被动演化的红色早型星系组成,而且还包括1)“弱SFG”(盘控星系,其恒星形成速率比蓝云星系低\sim 4)和2)“中等MXG”(膨胀星系,其MIR尘埃辐射比正常的红色早型星系强)。这两个群体可能是一组过渡星系,从蓝色的、恒星形成的、晚型星系演变成红色的、静止的、早型星系。我们发现弱SFG在中等质量(1010 M \odot < M \star <1010.5 M \odot)时占优势,并且通常在类似于星系团外围的局部密度中发现。在这个质量范围内,有40%的超星系团成员星系可以被归类为弱SFG,但在任何星系密度下,它们的比例在更大的质量(M \star > 1010.5 M \odot)时会下降到< 10%。在1010 M \odot < M \star <1011 M \odot的红序星系中,中间MXG的比例也随着密度和质量的增加而减少。特别是,\sim 42%的红序列星系的早期型形态被归类为中等密度的中间MXG。这些结果表明,恒星的形成活动强烈依赖于恒星的质量,但形态转变主要是由环境控制。
英文摘要:
We present the mid-infrared (MIR) properties of galaxies within a supercluster in the North Ecliptic Pole region at z?0.087 observed with the AKARI satellite. We use data from the AKARI NEP-Wide (5.4 deg2) IR survey and the CLusters of galaxies EVoLution studies (CLEVL) mission program. We show that near-IR (3 μm)-mid- IR (11 μm) color can be used as an indicator of the specific star formation rate and the presence of intermediate age stellar populations. From the MIR observations, we find that red-sequence galaxies consist not only of passively evolving red early-type galaxies, but also of 1) "weak-SFG" (disk-dominated star-forming galaxies which have star formation rates lower by \sim 4 \times than blue-cloud galaxies), and 2) "intermediate- MXG" (bulge-dominated galaxies showing stronger MIR dust emission than normal red early-type galaxies). Those two populations can be a set of transition galaxies from blue, star-forming, late-type galaxies evolving into red, quiescent, early-type ones. We find that the weak-SFG are predominant at intermediate masses (1010M\odot < M\star < 1010.5M\odot) and are typically found in local densities similar to the outskirts of galaxy clusters. As much as 40% of the supercluster member galaxies in this mass range can be classified as weak-SFGs, but their proportion decreases to < 10% at larger masses (M\star > 1010.5 M\odot) at any galaxy density. The fraction of the intermediate-MXG among red- sequence galaxies at 1010M\odot < M\star < 1011M\odot also decreases as the density and mass increase. In particular, \sim42% of the red-sequence galaxies with early-type morphologies are classified as intermediate-MXG at intermediate densities. These results suggest that the star formation activity is strongly dependent on the stellar mass, but that the morphological transformation is mainly controlled by the environment.
We present the physical properties of AKARI sources without optical counterparts in optical images from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) on the Subaru telescope. Using the AKARI infrared (IR) source catalog and HSC optical catalog, we select 583 objects that do not have HSC counterparts in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) wide survey field ($\sim 5$ deg$^{2}$). Because the HSC limiting magnitude is deep ($g_{\rm AB}$ $\sim 28.6$), these are good candidates for extremely red star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and/or active galactic nuclei (AGNs), possibly at high redshifts. We compile multi-wavelength …
The $AKARI$ infrared (IR) space telescope conducted two surveys (Deep and Wide) in the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field to find more than 100,000 IR sources using its Infrared Camera (IRC). IRC's 9 filters, which cover wavebands from 2 to 24 $μ$m continuously, make $AKARI$ unique in comparison with other IR observatories such as $Spitzer$ or $WISE$. However, studies of the $AKARI$ NEP-Wide field sources had been limited due to the lack of follow-up observations in the ultraviolet (UV) and optical. In this work, we present the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) MegaPrime/MegaCam $u$-band sour…
The north ecliptic pole (NEP) field is a natural deep field location for many satellite observations. It has been targeted manytimes since it was surveyed by the AKARI space telescope with its unique wavelength coverage from the near- to mid-infrared(mid-IR). Many follow-up observations have been carried out and made this field one of the most frequently observed areas witha variety of facilities, accumulating abundant panchromatic data from X-ray to radio wavelength range. Recently, a deep opticalsurvey with the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) at the Subaru telescope covered the NEP-Wide (NEPW) field…
The $AKARI$ space infrared telescope has performed near- to mid-infrared (MIR) observations on the North Ecliptic Pole Wide (NEPW) field (5.4 deg$^2$) for about one year. $AKARI$ took advantage of its continuous nine photometric bands, compared with NASA's $Spitzer$ and WISE space telescopes, which had only four filters with a wide gap in the MIR. The $AKARI$ NEPW field lacked deep and homogeneous optical data, limiting the use of nearly half of the IR sources for extra-galactic studies owing to the absence of photometric redshifts (photo-zs). To remedy this, we have recently obtained deep opt…
AGN selection by 18-band SED fitting in mid-infrared in the AKARI NEP deep field
本研究为红外活动星系核的选择提供了一种新的、有效的方法。在过去,活动星系核在红外光谱中的选择性是由许多研究用色图建立的。然而,这些方法都有一个共同的问题,即频带的数量有限。AKARI北极点(NEP)调查由AKARI红外相机(IRC)进行,该相机具有9个中红外滤光片,连续波长覆盖范围为2至24 $μ$ m $^{-1}$。基于活动星系核和恒星形成星系(SFG)的中红外特征的内在差异,我们利用最佳拟合模型对两个星系群进行了SED拟合。在X射线活动星系核样本中,我们的方法通过SED拟合选择了50个$\%$活动星系核,而以前的方法通过颜色准则只恢复了其中的30个$\%$,这是一个显着的改进。此外,在整个NEP深度样本中,SED拟合选择的活动星系核是颜色选择的两倍。这可能意味着黑洞的吸积历史可能比人们以前预期的更强。
Galaxy clusters provide an excellent probe in various research fields in astrophysics and cosmology. However, the number of galaxy clusters detected so far in the $AKARI$ North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field is limited. In this work, we provide galaxy cluster candidates in the $AKARI$ NEP field with the minimum requisites based only on coordinates and photometric redshift (photo-$z$) of galaxies. We used galaxies detected in 5 optical bands ($g$, $r$, $i$, $z$, and $Y$) by the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC), assisted with $u$-band from Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) MegaPrime/MegaCam, and IR…
In order to understand the interaction between the central black hole and the whole galaxy or their co-evolution history along with cosmic time, a complete census of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is crucial. However, AGNs are often missed in optical, UV and soft X-ray observations since they could be obscured by gas and dust. A mid-infrared (mid-IR) survey supported by multiwavelength data is one of the best ways to find obscured AGN activities because it suffers less from extinction. Previous large IR photometric surveys, e.g., $WISE$ and $Spitzer$, have gaps between the mid-IR filters. Theref…
Context. The North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field provides a unique set of panchromatic data, well suited for active galactic nuclei (AGN) studies. Selection of AGN candidates is often based on mid-infrared (MIR) measurements. Such method, despite its effectiveness, strongly reduces a catalog volume due to the MIR detection condition. Modern machine learning techniques can solve this problem by finding similar selection criteria using only optical and near-infrared (NIR) data. Aims. Aims of this work were to create a reliable AGN candidates catalog from the NEP field using a combination of optical …
The J-PAS survey will observe ~1/3 of the northern sky with a set of 56 narrow-band filters using the dedicated 2.55 m JST telescope at the Javalambre Astrophysical Observatory. Prior to the installation of the main camera, in order to demonstrate the scientific potential of J-PAS, two small surveys were performed with the single-CCD Pathfinder camera: miniJPAS (~1 deg2 along the Extended Groth Strip), and J-NEP (~0.3 deg2 around the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time Domain Field), including all 56 J-PAS filters as well as u, g, r, and i. J-NEP is ~0.5-1.0 magnitudes deeper than miniJPAS, providin…
The AKARI Deep Field South: Spitzer 24 and 70 micron Observations, Catalogs and Counts
AKARI Deep Field South(ADF-S)的面积约为12平方米。°的AKARI卫星用远红外线深度扫描观测到的南极附近区域。因此,它正在成为关键的河外调查领域之一。在这里,我们提出的ADF-S进行斯皮策太空望远镜在24和70微米波长的补充意见。我们提取的源目录在这些波长达到深度~ 0.2mJy在24微米和~ 20 mJy在70微米。我们还应用K至24微米的颜色标准来选择在24微米调查中具有类似星系颜色的物体。通过将已知通量密度的人工源注入到图中,我们得到了两个星表的完整性校正作为通量密度的函数,并且我们发现我们的surbveys在24和70微米分别在0.26mJy和24 mJy处是50%完整的。因此,我们可以在24和70微米处产生作为ADF-S的通量密度的函数的计数。这些与现有的文献计数相结合,并与来自星系演化模型的四种不同的计数模型进行比较。ADF-S计数的一个复杂因素是在z=0.04的视野中存在前景星系团。我们研究的范围内的流量密度,这个集群可能会作出贡献的计数,并发现线索,24微米的星系团星系的光度功能可能会增强以上的场星系。这些ADF-S斯皮策在24和70微米的调查的完整目录作为本文的一部分。
The North-Ecliptic Pole is an important region for extragalactic surveys. Deep/wide contiguous surveys are being performed by several space observatories. We analyse all ROSAT pointed and survey observations within 40 deg2 around the NEP, restricting the field-of-view to the inner 30' radius. We obtain an X-ray catalogue of 805 sources with 0.5-2 keV fluxes >2.9E-15 cgs, a factor of three deeper than the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in this field. The sensitivity and angular resolution of our data are comparable to the eROSITA All-Sky Survey expectations. We use HEROES optical and near-infrared imagin…
How does the environment affect active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity? We investigated this question in an extinction-free way, by selecting 1120 infrared galaxies in the $AKARI$ North Ecliptic Pole Wide field at redshift $z$ $\leq$ 1.2. A unique feature of the $AKARI$ satellite is its continuous 9-band infrared (IR) filter coverage, providing us with an unprecedentedly large sample of IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies. By taking advantage of this, for the first time, we explored the AGN activity derived from SED modelling as a function of redshift, luminosity, and environme…