The analysis of the radio light curves of the blazar CTA102 during its 2006 flare revealed a possible interaction between a standing shock wave and a traveling one. In order to better understand this highly non-linear process, we used a relativistic hydrodynamic code to simulate the high energy interaction and its related emission. The calculated synchrotron emission from these simulations showed an increase in turnover flux density, $S_{m}$, and turnover frequency, $ν_{m}$, during the interaction and decrease to its initial values after the passage of the traveling shock wave.
A number of works reported on the existence of a large scale alignment of the polarization plane of extragalactic sources as well as the alignment of radio-sources structural axes. However, both claims and their interpretation remain controversial. For the first time we explore the parsec-scale jets alignments. Additionally, we use archival polarimetric data at different wavelengths in order to compare relative orientations of the jets and the polarization planes of their emission. Using the flux density distribution in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) radio maps from the Astrogeo data…
The observed shift of the core of the relativistic AGN jets as a function of frequency allows us to evaluate the number density of outflowing plasma and, hence, the magnetization parameter. New analysis of more than 20 sources shows that for most of jets the magnetization parameter ~ 10 - 100. Since the magnetization parameter is the maximum possible bulk Lorentz-factor of the relativistic flow, this estimate is consistent with the observed superluminal motion.
I review here the present observational efforts to study parsec-scale radio jets in active galactic nuclei with very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) as related to the new window to the Universe opened by the LAT instrument on-board the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. I describe the goals and achievements of those radio studies, which aim to probe the emission properties, morphological changes and related kinematics, magnetic fields from the linear and circular polarization, etc., and I put those in the context of the radio--gamma-ray connection. Both statistical studies based on radio sur…
In this study, we consider the problem of geometry of curved jets. We work with a simplified two-dimensional kinematical model assuming that the jet velocity is varying. We prescribe the velocity variation and study two cases concerning parsec and kilo-parsec scale jets by applying some simplified numerical simulations. For parsec scale jets, we use some general expressions and derive the shape of jets for certain numerical cases. For kilo-parsec scale jets, we study the cases of 4C53.37 and 1159+583 of Abell 2220 and Abell 1446 galaxy clusters, respectively, in an effort to test our model and…
We report observations of Faraday rotation measures (RMs) for a sample of 191 extragalactic radio jets observed within the MOJAVE program. Multifrequency VLBA observations were carried out over twelve epochs in 2006 at four frequencies between 8 and 15 GHz. We detect parsec-scale Faraday RMs in 149 sources and find the quasars to have larger RMs on average than BL Lac objects. The median core RMs are significantly higher than in the jet components. This is especially true for quasars where we detect a significant negative correlation between the magnitude of the RM and the de-projected distanc…
Extragalactic jets originating from the central supermassive black holes of active galaxies are powerful, highly relativistic plasma outflows, emitting light from the radio up to the gamma-ray regime. The details of their formation, composition and emission mechanisms are still not completely clear. The combination of high-resolution observations using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and multiwavelength monitoring provides the best insight into these objects. Here, such a combined study of sources of the TANAMI sample is presented, investigating the parsec-scale and high-energy proper…
We conducted radio detection observations at 8.4 GHz for 22 radio-loud broad absorption line (BAL) quasars, selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Third Data Release, by a very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) technique. The VLBI instrument we used was developed by the Optically ConnecTed Array for VLBI Exploration project (OCTAVE), which is operated as a subarray of the Japanese VLBI Network (JVN). We aimed at selecting BAL quasars with nonthermal jets suitable for measuring their orientation angles and ages by subsequent detailed VLBI imaging studies to evaluate two controversi…
We have compared the radio emission from a sample of parsec-scale AGN jets as measured by the VLBA at 15 GHz, with their associated gamma-ray properties that are reported in the Fermi LAT 3-month bright source list. We find in our radio-selected sample that the gamma-ray photon flux correlates well with the quasi-simultaneously measured compact radio flux density. The LAT-detected jets in our radio-selected complete sample generally have higher compact radio flux densities, and their parsec-scale cores are brighter (i.e., have higher brightness temperature) than the jets in the LAT non-detecte…
We used 15 GHz multi-epoch Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) polarization sensitive observations of 484 sources within a time interval 1996--2016 from the MOJAVE program, and also from the NRAO data archive. We have analyzed the linear polarization characteristics of the compact core features and regions downstream, and their changes along and across the parsec-scale active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets. We detected a significant increase of fractional polarization with distance from the radio core along the jet as well as towards the jet edges. Compared to quasars, BL Lacs have a higher degree of …
Jets of compact radio sources are highly relativistic and Doppler boosted, making studies of their intrinsic properties difficult. Observed brightness temperatures can be used to study the intrinsic physical properties of the relativistic jets, and constrain models of jet formation in the inner jet region. We aim to observationally test such inner jet models. The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) cores of compact radio sources are optically thick at a given frequency. The distance of the core from the central engine is inversely proportional to the frequency. Under the equipartition con…
We used 15 GHz VLBA observations of 366 sources having at least 5 epochs within a time interval 1995-2013 from the MOJAVE program and/or its predecessor, the 2 cm VLBA Survey. For each source we produced a corresponding stacked image averaging all available epochs for a better reconstruction of the cross section of the flow. We have analyzed jet profiles transverse to the local jet ridge line and derived both apparent and intrinsic opening angles of the parsec-scale outflows. The sources detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) during the first 24 months of operation show wider apparen…
The direction of parsec-scale jets in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is essential information for many astrophysical and astrometric studies, including linear polarization and magnetic field structure, frequency-dependent synchrotron opacity, proper motion, and reference frame alignment. We developed a rigorous, simple, and completely automated method to measure the directions from calibrated interferometric visibility data at frequencies ranging from 1.4 GHz to 86 GHz. We publish the results for 9220 AGNs with the typical accuracy below 10 degrees. An internal check of the method comparing the…
We conducted very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of five radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies in milliarcsecond resolutions at 1.7 GHz (18 cm) using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Significant parsec-scale structures were revealed for three out of the five sources with high brightness temperature by direct imaging; this is convincing evidence for nonthermal jets. FBQS J1644+2619 with an inverted spectrum showed a prominent one-sided linear structure, indicating Doppler beaming with an intrinsic jet speed of >0.74c. FBQS J1629+4007, also with an inverted spect…
The Southern Hemisphere VLBI monitoring program TANAMI provides dual-frequency (8 GHz and 22 GHz), milliarcsecond monitoring of extragalactic jets south of -30 degrees declination. The TANAMI sample consists of a combined radio and gamma-ray selected subsample of currently 80 AGN jets, with new gamma-ray bright sources being added upon detections by Fermi/LAT. Supporting programs provide simultaneous multiwavelength coverage of all sources, in order to construct broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of flaring and quiescence source states, as well as a rapid follow-up of high-energy f…
I show that by assuming a standard Blandford-Konigl jet, it is possible to determine the bulk Lorentz factor and angle to the line of sight of self-similar parsec-scale blazar jets by using five measured quantities: redshift, core radio flux, extended radio flux, the magnitude of the core shift between two frequencies, and apparent jet opening angle. From the bulk Lorentz factor and angle computed with this method, one can compute other jet properties such as the Doppler factor, magnetic field strength, and intrinsic jet opening angle. I use data taken from the literature and marginalize over …
We report that active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets are causally connected on parsec scales, based on 15 GHz Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data from a sample of 133 AGN jets. This result is achieved through a new method for measuring the product of the jet Lorentz factor and the intrinsic opening angle Gamma*theta_j from measured apparent opening angles in flux density limited samples of AGN jets. The Gamma*theta_j parameter is important for jet physics because it is related to the jet-frame sidewise expansion speed and causal connection between the jet edges and its symmetry axis. Most import…
We report the discovery of multi-scale X-ray jets from the accreting neutron star X-ray binary, Circinus X-1. The bipolar outflows show wide opening angles and are spatially coincident with the radio jets seen in new high-resolution radio images of the region. The morphology of the emission regions suggests that the jets from Circinus X-1 are running into a terminal shock with the interstellar medium, as is seen in powerful radio galaxies. This and other observations indicate that the jets have a wide opening angle, suggesting that the jets are either not very well collimated or precessing. We…
I review constraints on the physical properties of AGN jets revealed through Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) studies of the structure and time-evolution of parsec-scale jets, including recent results from the MOJAVE program. In particular I focus on constraints available from very long time baseline studies which probe a wide range of jet behavior over many outbursts. Kinematic studies of propagating jet features find an apparent speed distribution that peaks around 10c for blazars, with speeds up to 50c observed. These observed speeds require Lorentz factors at least as large, implyi…
We describe the parsec-scale kinematics of 200 AGN jets based on 15 GHz VLBA data obtained between 1994 Aug 31 and 2011 May 1. We present new VLBA 15 GHz images of these and 59 additional AGN from the MOJAVE and 2 cm Survey programs. Nearly all of the 60 most heavily observed jets show significant changes in their innermost position angle over a 12 to 16 year interval, ranging from 10 deg to 150 deg on the sky, corresponding to intrinsic variations of ~0.5 deg to ~2 deg. The BL Lac jets show smaller variations than quasars. Roughly half of the heavily observed jets show systematic position ang…
The spatially resolved broad-band spectroscopy with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is one of the few methods that can probe the physical conditions inside blazar jets. We report on measurements of the magnetic field strength in parsec-scale radio structures of selected bright Fermi blazars, based on fitting the synchrotron spectrum to VLBA images made at seven frequencies in a 4.6 -- 43.2 GHz range. Upper limits of B <= 10^-2 -- 10^2 G (observer's frame) could be placed on the magnetic field strength in 13 sources. Hard radio spectra (-0.5 <= a <= +0.1, S_nu ~ nu^a) observed above th…
The magnetic field plays a significant role in the phenomenon of highly collimated jets of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Relativistic effects prevent the direct reconstruction of the magnetic field direction as transverse to electric vectors on radio maps. We determined the topology of the B-field by modeling the transverse distributions of the total and linearly polarized intensity, polarization degree, and deviation of the polarization direction from the local jet axis and by further comparison with observational data. We consider (i) a helical field with a different twist angle; (ii) a toro…
We perform polarimetry analysis of 20 active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.4, 4.6, 5.0, 8.1, 8.4, and 15.4 GHz. The study allowed us to investigate linearly polarized properties of the jets at parsec-scales: distribution of the Faraday rotation measure (RM) and fractional polarization along the jets, Faraday effects and structure of Faraday-corrected polarization images. Wavelength-dependence of the fractional polarization and polarization angle is consistent with external Faraday rotation, while some sources show internal rotation. Th…
Radio-loud AGN typically manifest powerful relativistic jets extending up to millions of light years and often showing superluminal motions organised in a complex kinematic pattern. A number of physical models are still competing to explain the jet structure and kinematics revealed by radio images using the VLBI technique. Robust measurements of longitudinal and transverse velocity field in the jets would provide crucial information for these models. This is a difficult task, particularly for transversely resolved jets in objects like 3C 273 and M87. To address this task, we have developed a n…
(ABRIDGED) We present here the results from new Very Long Baseline Array observations at 1.6 and 5 GHz of 19 galaxies of a complete sample of 21 UGC FRI radio galaxies. New Chandra data of two sources, viz., UGC00408 and UGC08433, are combined with the Chandra archival data of 13 sources. The 5 GHz observations of ten "core-jet" sources are polarization-sensitive, while the 1.6 GHz observations constitute second epoch total intensity observations of nine "core-only" sources. Polarized emission is detected in the jets of seven sources at 5 GHz, but the cores are essentially unpolarized, except …
We report on the acceleration properties of 329 features in 95 blazar jets from the MOJAVE VLBA program. Nearly half the features and three-quarters of the jets show significant changes in speed and/or direction. In general, apparent speed changes are distinctly larger than changes in direction, indicating that changes in the Lorentz factors of jet features dominate the observed speed changes rather than bends along the line of sight. Observed accelerations tend to increase the speed of features near the jet base, $\lesssim 10-20$ parsecs projected, and decrease their speed at longer distances…
In current models for jets of AGNs and their emission a shortcoming in the description and understanding of the connection between the largest and smallest scales exists. In this work we present a spatially resolved SSC model extended to parsec scales, which opens the possibility of probing the connections between the radio and high energy properties. We simulate an environment that leads to Fermi-I acceleration of leptonic particles and includes the full time dependence of this process. Omitting the restriction of a finite downstream region, we find that the spectral energy distribution (SED)…
Accreting black holes produce collimated outflows, or jets, that traverse many orders of magnitude in distance, accelerate to relativistic velocities, and collimate into tight opening angles. Of these, perhaps the least understood is jet collimation due to the interaction with the ambient medium. In order to investigate this interaction, we carried out axisymmetric general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of jets produced by a large accretion disc, spanning over 5 orders of magnitude in time and distance, at an unprecedented resolution. Supported by such a disc, the jet attains a p…
Despite strong physical reasons that they should exist and decades of search, jets from the Galactic Center Black Hole, Sgr A*, have not yet been convincingly detected. Based on high-resolution Very Large Array images and ultra-deep imaging-spectroscopic data produced by the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we report new evidence for the existence of a parsec-scale jet from Sgr A*, by associating a linear feature G359.944-0.052, previously identified in X-ray images of the Galactic Center, with a radio shock front on the Eastern Arm of the Sgr A West HII region. We show that the shock front can be e…
We expand our previous studies of the parsec-scale structure of TeV blazars by presenting first-epoch images from VLBA monitoring of ten newer TeV HBLs. All ten sources were successfully detected and imaged, and all showed a one-sided core-jet structure. Many display a morphology common to TeV HBLs: a short, collimated jet followed by a transition to low surface brightness extended emission with a much broader opening angle. The newly detected TeV HBLs tend to be fainter in the radio; the median core flux density was 22 mJy, and the median brightness temperature was 8x10^9 K. The brightness te…
For the first time it has become possible to compare global 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) jet formation simulations directly to very-long baseline interferometric multi-frequency polarization observations of the pc-scale structure of active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets. Unlike the jet emission, which requires post hoc modeling of the non-thermal electrons, the Faraday rotation measures (RMs) depend primarily upon simulated quantities and thus provide a robust way in which to confront simulations with observations. We compute RM distributions of 3D global GRMHD jet formatio…
We calculate the dissipation efficiency of relativistic reconfinement shocks. Building on previous work (Nalewajko & Sikora 2009), we consider different distributions of the external pressure. The average dissipation efficiency epsilon_diss is a function of the product of two parameters - the jet Lorentz factor Gamma_j and the reconfinement angle Theta_r, which is related to the opening angle Theta_j and the external pressure index eta. The spatial distribution of the dissipation rate strongly depends on eta. We discuss the significance of these results for the properties of relativistic jets …
We conducted Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of seven nearby narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies at 1.7 GHz (18cm) with milli-arcsecond resolution. This is the first systematic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) study focusing on the central parsec-scale regions of radio-quiet NLS1s. Five of the seven were detected at a brightness temperature of >~5x10^6 K and contain radio cores with high brightness temperatures of >6x10^7 K, indicating a nonthermal process driven by jet-producing central engines as is observed in radio-loud NLS1s and other active galactic nucleus (AGN) c…
Geometry of relativistic jets in active galaxies provides important information about mechanisms of launching, collimation and acceleration of plasma flow. We propose a new method to probe a boundary shape of a jet on parsec scales -- in the vicinity of its radio core. Apparent speed of an outflow is derived from variability time delays and core shifts measured at the same jet region, providing a self-consistent estimate of the Lorentz factor $Γ$. We link together the distance along the jet $z$ with its transverse size assuming a constant flow acceleration. Our results indicate that jets have …
Several narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) have now been detected in gamma rays, providing firm evidence that at least some of this class of active galactic nuclei (AGN) produce relativistic jets. The presence of jets in NLS1s is surprising, as these sources are typified by comparatively small black hole masses and near- or super-Eddington accretion rates. This challenges the current understanding of the conditions necessary for jet production. Comparing the properties of the jets in NLS1s with those in more familiar jetted systems is thus essential to improve jet production models. We pre…
We analysed the parsec-scale linear polarization properties of 436 active galactic nuclei (AGN) based on 15 GHz polarimetric Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations. We present polarization and total intensity images averaged over at least five epochs since 1996 January 19 through 2019 August 4. Stacking improves the image sensitivity down to $\sim$30 $μ$Jy/beam and effectively fills out the jet cross-section both in total intensity and linear polarization. It delineates the long-term persistent magnetic field configuration and its regularity by restoring spatial distributions of the elec…
The radio nebula W50 harbours the relativistic binary system SS433, which is a source of the powerful wind and jets. The origin of W50 is wrapped in the interplay of the wind, supernova remnant and jets. The evolution of the jets on the scales of the nebula is a Rosetta stone for its origin. To disentangle the roles of these components, we study physical conditions of the jets propagation inside W50, and determine deceleration of the jets. The morphology and parameters of the interior of W50 are analyzed using the available observations of the eastern X-ray lobe, which traces the jet. In order…
Following our study of the radio and high-energy properties of $γ$-ray-emitting radio galaxies, here we investigate the kinematic and spectral properties of the parsec-scale jets of radio galaxies that have not yet been detected by Fermi-LAT. We take advantage of the regular VLBI observations provided by the TANAMI monitoring program, and explore the kinematic properties of six $γ$-ray-faint radio galaxies. We include publicly available VLBI kinematics of $γ$-ray-quiet radio galaxies monitored by the MOJAVE program and perform a Fermi-LAT analysis, deriving upper limits. We combine these resul…
I present a scenario by which an accretion flow with alternating angular momentum sense on to a newly born neutron star in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) efficiently amplifies magnetic fields and by that launches jets. The accretion flow of a collapsing core on to the newly born neutron star suffers the spiral standing accretion shock instability (SASI). This instability leads to a stochastically variable angular momentum of the accreted gas, that in turn forms an accretion flow with alternating directions of the angular momentum, hence alternating shear, at any given time. I study the shear…
We report first results from KVN and VERA Array (KaVA) VLBI observations obtained in the frame of our Plasma-physics of Active Galactic Nuclei (PAGaN) project. We observed eight selected AGN at 22 and 43 GHz in single polarization (LCP) between March 2014 and April 2015. Each source was observed for 6 to 8 hours per observing run to maximize the $uv$ coverage. We obtained a total of 15 deep high-resolution images permitting the identification of individual circular Gaussian jet components and three spectral index maps of BL Lac, 3C 111 and 3C 345 from simultaneous dual-frequency observations. …
We report a 3D MHD simulation study of the interactions between radio galaxies and galaxy-cluster-media shocks in which the incident shock normals are orthogonal to the bipolar AGN jets. Before shock impact, light, supersonic jets inflate lobes (cavities) in a static, uniform ICM. We examine three AGN activity scenarios: 1) continued, steady jet activity; 2) jet source cycled off coincident with shock/radio lobe impact; 3) jet activity ceased well before shock arrival (a "radio phoenix" scenario). The simulations follow relativistic electrons (CRe) introduced by the jets, enabling synthetic ra…
We report on our observations of the parsec-scale radio jet structures of five blazars that have been detected by ground-based TeV gamma-ray telescopes. These five blazars all belong to the class of high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs), which are the most common blazar type detected at the TeV energy range. Because of their relative faintness in the radio, these HBLs are not well represented in other radio blazar surveys. Our observations consist of five epochs of Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) imaging from 2006 to 2009, of each of the five blazars 1ES 1101-232, Markarian 180, 1ES 1218…
VLBI Detections of Compact Nuclei in Spiral-hosted Double-lobed Radio-loud Active Galactic Nuclei (DRAGNs): Evidence for Weak Parsec-Scale Jet Activity
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)（蔚山科学技术院）
TeV gamma rays are observed from a few nearby radio galaxies whose jets are viewed at relatively large angles towards the observer. This emission can be produced in the kpc scale jets whose Lorentz factors are decelerated from values of the order of several at the parsec scale distances. We consider in detail the model in which TeV gamma-ray emission is produced by the relativistic electrons in the kpc scale jet which comptonize strongly beamed radiation from the inner (parsec scale) jet. As an example, we study morphology of the TeV gamma-ray emission from the decelerated kpc scale jet in the…
We study conditions for formation of recollimation shocks in jets interacting with stellar winds in high-mass X-ray binaries. We show the existence of a critical jet power, dependent on the wind rate and velocity and the jet velocity, above which a recollimation shock is not formed. For jet powers below critical, we derive the location of the shock. We show that surface shocks may still exist above the critical power, but only occupy a small volume of the jet and do not significantly alter the jet opening angle. We test these prediction by 3-D numerical simulations, which confirm the existence…
The physical nature of the mechanism responsible for the emission of neutrinos in active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been matter of debate in the literature, with relativistic jets of radio-loud AGNs as possible candidates to be the sources of high energy neutrinos. The most prominent candidate so far is the blazar TXS 0506+056, which is found to be associated with the neutrino event IceCube-170922A. Furthermore, the IceCube reported an excess of neutrinos towards TXS 0506+056 between September 2014 and March 2015, even though this association needs additional investigation, considering the pres…
Low luminosity active galactic nuclei are more abundant and closer to us than the luminous ones but harder to explore as they are faint. We have selected the four sources NGC 315, NGC 4261, NGC 1275, and NGC 4486, which have been detected in gamma rays byFermi-LAT. We have compiled their long-term radio, optical, X-ray data from different telescopes, analysed XMM-Newton data for NGC 4486, XMM-Newton and Swift data for NGC 315. We have analysed the Fermi-LAT data collected over the period of 2008 to 2020 for all of them. Electrons are assumed to be accelerated to relativistic energies in sub-pa…
An internal shock model is proposed to interpret the radio to infrared (IR) emission of the compact jets observed in the hard spectral state of X-ray binaries. Assuming that the specific bulk Lorentz factor of the jet at its base varies with a flicker noise power spectrum (i.e. P(f)~1/f), I estimate the energy dissipation profile along the jet and the resulting partially self-absorbed synchrotron emission. For this type of velocity fluctuations, and a conical jet geometry, the shock dissipation at large distance from the black hole balances exactly the adiabatic losses. This leads to a flat ra…
We explore the possibility of formation of steady internal shocks in jets around black holes. We consider a fluid described by a relativistic equation of state, flowing about the axis of symmetry ($θ=0$) in a Schwarzschild metric. We use two models for the jet geometry, (i) a conical geometry and (ii) a geometry with non-conical cross-section. Jet with conical geometry is smooth flow. While the jet with non-conical cross section undergoes multiple sonic point and even standing shock. The jet shock becomes stronger, as the shock location is situated further from the central black hole. Jets wit…
We analyze the parsec-scale jet kinematics from 2007 June to 2018 December of a sample of $γ$-ray bright blazars monitored roughly monthly with the Very Long Baseline Array at 43 GHz under the VLBA-BU-BLAZAR program. We implement a novel piece-wise linear fitting method to derive the kinematics of 521 distinct emission knots from a total of 3705 total intensity images in 22 quasars, 13 BL Lacertae objects, and 3 radio galaxies. Apparent speeds of these components range from $0.01c$ to $78c$, and 18.6\% of knots (other than the "core") are quasi-stationary. One-fifth of moving knots exhibit non…
The apparent position of jet base (core) in radio-loud active galactic nuclei changes with frequency because of synchrotron self-absorption. Studying this `core shift` effect enables us to reconstruct properties of the jet regions close to the central engine. We report here results from core shift measurements in AGNs observed with global VLBI at 2 and 8 GHz at epochs from 1994 to 2016. Our sample contains 40 objects observed at least 10 times during that period. The core shift is determined using a new automatic procedure introduced to minimize possible biases. The resulting multiple epoch me…
The termination regions of non-relativistic jets in protostars and supersonic outflows in classical novae are nonthermal emitters. Given the high densities in these systems, radiative shocks are expected to form. However, in the presence of high velocities, the formation of adiabatic shocks is also possible. A case of interest is when the two types of shocks occur simultaneously. These dense jets/outflows are excellent candidates for laboratory experiments as demonstrated by MHD scaling. We aim at studying the combination of adiabatic and radiative shocks in these systems. We focus on determin…
