We study the centrality dependence to be expected if only charmonium production in the corona survives in high energy nuclear collisions, with full suppression in the hot, deconfined core. To eliminate cold nuclear matter effects as far as possible, we consider the ratio of charmonium to open charm production. The centrality dependence of this ratio is found to follow a universal geometric form, applicable to both RHIC and LHC in collisions at central and forward rapidities.
In this paper we summarize our recent results for low energy associated charmonium production cross sections, using 1) crossing symmetry, and 2) an explicit hadronic model. These predictions are of relevance to the planned charmonium and charmonium hybrid production experiment PANDA at GSI.
Both color screening and regeneration are hot medium effects on charmonium production in heavy ion collisions. While they affect in an opposite way the charmonium yield, their competition in transverse dynamics bring sensitivity to the ratio of averaged transverse momentum suqare for charmonium, which thus can reveal more nature of the QCD medium created from the collisions. We make an excitation analysis based on transport approach to illustrate such a picuture.
Nuclear suppression of charmonium production in proton-nucleus interactions is poorly understood, what restrains our attempts to single out unusual effects in heavy ion collisions. We develop a phenomenological approach, based on the light-cone dynamics of charmonium production, which has much in common with deep-inelastic scattering and Drell-Yan lepton pair production. The key observation is the existence of a soft mechanism of heavy flavour production, which scales in the quark mass and dominates shadowing corrections and diffraction. It naturally explains the surprisingly strong nuclear su…
I discuss the diffractive production of charmonium from nuclei and the anomalous nuclear attenuation --- termed ``color transparency'' --- attributed to such processes, focusing on the few tens of GeV energy regime germane to the ELFE project. A critical review of color transparency calculations is presented, and the major sources of uncertainty are emphasized.
The production of charmonium in heavy-ion collisions is investigated based on Boltzmann-type transport model for charmonium evolution and langevin equation for charm quark evolution. Charmonium suppression and regeneration in both quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and hadron phase are considered. Charm quarks are far from thermalization, and regeneration of charmonium in QGP and hadron gas is neglectable at SPS and FAIR. At peripheral collisions, charmonium suppression with hadron gas explains the experimental data well. But at central collisions, additional suppression from deconfined matter (QGP) is …
The medium energy antiproton beam facility which is under discussion at GSI offers new opportunities to study the QCD of heavy flavours, nuclear structure and exotic mesons. We discuss these topics and briefly highlight other problems in charm production and proton structure.
In recent years, there have been significant developments in heavy quarkonium production, both in theory and in experiment. These developments may have important implications for the use of charmonium as a probe in heavy-ion collisions. A summary of these developments is presented below. Those interested in more details are referred to a recent review article by Braaten, Fleming, and Yuan.
I discuss issues related to charmonium production, in view of physics possibilities at a 15 ... 30 GeV continuous beam electron facility. High energy photo- and hadroproduction of heavy quarkonia presents several challenges to QCD models concerning cross sections, polarization and nuclear target dependence. Theoretical approaches based on color evaporation as well as on color singlet and color octet mechanisms have met with both successes and failures, indicating that charmonium production is a sensitive probe of color dynamics. Experiments close to charm kinematic threshold will be sensitive …
We calculate the production of large-pTcharmonium and narrow resonance state (exotic charmonium) in proton-proton, proton-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions with the semi-coherent two-photon interactions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and Future Circular Collider (FCC) energies. Using the large quasi-real photon fluxes, we present the γγ->H differential cross section for charmonium and narrow resonance state production at large transverse momentum in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions. The numerical results demonstrate that the experimental stud…
Physics of charmonium suppression in nuclear collisions drastically changes between the energies of SPS and RHIC. Mechanisms suppressing charmonia at SPS are reviewed, neither of which is important at RHIC. On the other hand, coherence, or shadowing of c-quarks and gluons barely seen at SPS, become a dominant effect at RHIC providing a much stronger suppression. A onset of coherence at Fermilab energies explains the observed cross section ratio steeply falling at large Feynman x_F. In nuclear collisions variation of charmonium suppression with x_F suggests a sensitive probe for QGP.
We investigate charmonium production in Pb+Pb collisions at LHC beam energy $E_{\text {lab}}$=2.76 A TeV at fixed-target experiment ($\sqrt {s_{\text{NN}}}$=72 GeV). In the frame of a transport approach including cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium evolution, we focus on the anti-shadowing effect on the nuclear modification factors $R_{AA}$ and $r_{AA}$ for the $J/ψ$ yield and transverse momentum. The yield is more suppressed at less forward rapidity ($y_\text{lab}\simeq$2) than that at very forward rapidity ($y_\text{lab}\simeq$4) due to the shadowing and anti-shadowing in diffe…
The QCD mechanisms underlying the exclusive strong decays and hadronic production amplitudes of charmonium remain poorly understood, despite decades of study and an increasingly detaled body of experimental information. One set of hadronic channels of special interest are those that include baryon-antibaryon states. These are being investigated experimentally at BES and CLEO-c in terms of their baryon resonance content, and are also of interest for the future PANDA experiment, in which charmonium and charmonium hybrids will be produced in p-pbar annihilation in association with light mesons. I…
The production of charmonia in the antiproton-nucleus reactions at $p_{\rm lab}=3-10$ GeV/c is studied within the Glauber model and the generalized eikonal approximation. The main reaction channel is charmonium formation in an antiproton-proton collision. The target mass dependence of the charmonium transparency ratio allows to determine the charmonium-nucleon cross section. The polarization effects in the production of $χ_{c2}$ states are evaluated.
Charmonium production in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within a kinetic theory framework incorporating in-medium properties of open- and hidden-charm states in line with recent QCD lattice calculations. A continuously decreasing open-charm threshold across the phase boundary of hadronic and quark-gluon matter is found to have important implications for the equilibrium abundance of charmonium states. The survival of $J/ψ$ resonance states above the transition temperature enables their recreation also in the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Including effects of chemical and thermal off-equilibrium, we…
We review the current theoretical situation with regard to the anomalously large cross section for exclusive J/psi + eta_c production in e^+ e^- annihilation, as measured by BELLE Collaboration.
In the energy range of RHIC and LHC the mechanisms of nuclear suppression of charmonia are expected to be strikingly different from what is known for the energy of the SPS. One cannot think any more of charmonium produced on a bound nucleon which then attenuates as it passes through the rest of the nucleus. The coherence length of charmonium production substantially exceeds the nuclear radius in the new energy range. Therefore the production amplitudes on different nucleons, rather than the cross sections, add up and interfere, i.e. shadowing is at work. So far no theoretical tool has been ava…
We study the nuclear medium effects on the $c\bar{c}$ time evolution and charmonium production, in a relativistic proton-nucleus collision. In particular, we focus on the fragmentation region of the nucleus where the formation length of the charmonium mesons is shorter than the size of the nucleus. Little is known on the nuclear effects in this region. We use a quantum-mechanical model which includes a realistic potential for the $c\bar{c}$ system and an imaginary potential to describe the collisions of the $c\bar{c}$ with the nucleons. The imaginary potential introduces a transition amplitude…
We study the evolution of charmonia as they collide with the constituents of the fireball produced in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. The latter evolves in a manner controlled by the equation of state as given by lattice QCD, and is constructed in such a way that the observed hadronic spectra are correctly reproduced. A kinetic description of charmonium interactions with both quark-gluon and hadronic degrees of freedom allows to study in detail the evolution in different regimes, controlled by collision energy, kinematics and geometry. The data collected at the CERN-SPS accelerator are…
It is important to understand the strong external magnetic field generated at the very beginning of high energy nuclear collisions. We study the effect of the magnetic field on the charmonium yield and anisotropic distribution in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energy. The time dependent Schrödinger equation is employed to describe the motion of $c\bar{c}$ pairs. We compare our model prediction of non- collective anisotropic parameter $v_2$ of $J/ψ$s with CMS data at high transverse momentum. This is the first attempt to measure the magnetic field in high energy nuclear collisions.
We study the effect of thermal charm production on charmonium regeneration in high energy nuclear collisions. By solving the kinetic equations for charm quark and charmonium distributions in Pb+Pb collisions, we calculate the global and differential nuclear modification factors $R_{AA}(N_{part})$ and $R{AA}(p_t)$ for $J/Ψ$s. Due to the thermal charm production in hot medium, the charmonium production source changes from the initially created charm quarks at SPS, RHIC and LHC to the thermally produced charm quarks at Future Circular Collider (FCC), and the $J/Ψ$ suppression ($R_{AA}<1$) observe…
The status of Charmonium production in photon-photon collisions is briefly reviewed. I would like to mention that although the preliminary data were obtained in experiment, the theoretical investigation is not in a compatible status.
Charmonium production in p+A collisions at SPS and FAIR energies
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH（GSI亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心）；Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität（约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德大学理论物理研究所）；Helmholtz Research Academy Hessen for FAIR (HFHF)（黑森FAIR亥姆霍兹研究学院）；SUBATECH UMR 6457 (IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, IN2P3/CNRS)（SUBATECH UMR 6457（大西洋高等矿业学院、南特大学、IN2P3/CNRS））；Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies（法兰克福高等研究院）
We present the gluon-gluon and photon-gluon helicity amplitudes for color singlet and octet charmonium production in polarized and unpolarized hadron-hadron and photon-hadron collisions.
The phenomenological analysis of various characteristics of $J/ψ$ and $D$ meson production in PbPb collisions at the center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair is presented. The data on momentum spectra and elliptic flow are reproduced by two-component model HYDJET++ including thermal and non-thermal charm production mechanisms. The significant part of $D$-mesons is found to be in a kinetic equilibrium with the created medium, while $J/ψ$-mesons are characterized by earlier (as compared to light hadrons) freeze-out.
I briefly review Non-Relativistic QCD and related effective theories, and discuss applications to heavy quarkonium decay, and production in electron-positron colliders.
We investigate charmonium production in the hot medium created by heavy-ion collisions by setting up a framework in which in-medium charmonium properties are constrained by thermal lattice QCD (lQCD) and subsequently implemented into kinetic approaches. A Boltzmann transport equation is employed to describe the time evolution of the charmonium phase space distribution with the loss and gain term accounting for charmonium dissociation and regeneration (from charm quarks), respectively. The momentum dependence of the charmonium dissociation rate is worked out. The dominant process for in-medium …
Within the NRQCD factorization approach the production of heavy quarkonia can be calculated in perturbative QCD in terms of a few production-process-independent NRQCD matrix elements. We test the universality of these long-distance matrix elements by comparing their values as determined from charmonium production at p pbar, e p, and e+ e- colliders, and in Z^0, Upsilon, and B decays.
In this paper initial state radiation corrections to double production of charmonium mesons on one-photon electron-positron annihilation at center of mass energy $\sqrt{s}=10.6\GeV$ are studied. It is shown, that these corrections have noticeable effect and must be taken into consideration.
The cross section value of doubly charmonium production in e+e- annihilations have been estimated at interaction energy 10.6 GeV. The quarkonium wave function shape, as well as the nonzero value of charm quark have been taken into account.
We review recent results on the production of prompt charmonium in association with a hadron jet or a prompt photon in two-photon collisions at next-to-leading order in the factorization framework of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics.
In this paper, we review the current status of the phenomenological study of quarkonium production in high energy collisions. After a brief introduction of several important models and effective field theories for quarkonium production, we discuss the comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements.
Charmonium suppression in fixed target proton-nucleus collisions
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre（变能回旋加速器中心）；Homi Bhabha National Institute（霍米·巴巴国立研究所）；Bali Ram Bhagat College（巴里·拉姆·巴加特学院）；Indian Institute of Technology Goa（印度理工学院果阿分校）
We review the charmonium production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation at $\sqrt{s}=10.6GeV$. NRQCD predictions for the $J/ψ$ production are compared with the recent measurements by BaBar and Belle. A NRQCD calculation for the $D$-wave charmonium production is reported to further test the color-octet mechanism and detect the $J^{PC}=2^{--}$ state. The issue of double $c \bar c$ production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation observed by Belle is also discussed.
The analyses of large transverse momentum charmonium production at the Tevatron have shown that fragmentation of gluons is an important production mechanism. We study large-$p_T$ charmonium production in $pp$ collisions at the LHC, and find that due to the copious gluon production at this energy, the gluon fragmentation contribution completely overwhelms the fusion contribution and the charm quark fragmentation contribution. Our analysis shows that for $J/ψ$ production at the LHC, there is a significant event rate even for $p_T \sim$~100~GeV. The measurement of the cross-section at such large …
We analyze the singlet $P$--wave charmonium production at $e^+ e^-$ colliders within the framework of unconstrained supersymmetry. We show that the CP--violating transitions, dominated by the gluino exchange, are typically four orders of magnitude larger than the CP--conserving ones, and former is generated by the electric dipole moment of the charm quark. Our results can be directly tested via the charmonium searches at the CLEO--c experiment.
We propose to investigate various charmonium states using their common decay channel to p pbar at LHC. Having the branching ratios for charmonium decaying into the p pbar final state measured or calculated, we propose to measure the charmonium production rate for both hadroproduction including soft-diffraction and inclusive production from b-hadron decays. We discuss the theoretical impacts in QCD of measuring different charmonium production rates and also the experimental prospects at LHCb, in particular, those for yet unmeasured eta_c and h_c.
We study the unpolarised and polarised hadro-production of charmonium in non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) at low transverse momentum, including sufficiently higher orders in the relative velocity, $v$, so as to study the ratio of $χ_{c1}$ and $χ_{c2}$ production rates.
To investigate a recent proposal that J/$ψ$ production in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions is of thermal origin we have reanalyzed the data from the NA38/50 collaboration within a thermal model including charm. Comparison of the calculated with measured yields demonstrates the non-thermal origin of hidden charm production at SPS energy. However, the ratio $ψ^{'}$/(J/$ψ)$ exhibits, in central nucleus-nucleus collisions, thermal features which lead us to a new interpretation of open charm and charmonium production at SPS energy. Implications for RHIC and LHC energy measurements will be disc…
In statistical QCD, color deconfinement and the properties of the quark-gluon plasma determine the in-medium behavior of heavy quark bound states. In high energy nuclear collisions, charmonia probe the partonic medium produced in the early stages of the interaction. We survey the present theoretical status and provide a critical evaluation of the charmonium production measurements in experiments at the CERN-SPS and the BNL-RHIC.
We consider the charmonium production in thermalized hadronic medium created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at LHC energy. The calculations for the secondary $J/ψ$ and $ψ^,$ production by $D\bar D$ annihilation are performed within a kinetic model taking into account the space-time evolution of a longitudinally and transversely expanding medium. We show that the secondary charmonium production appears almost entirely during the mixed phase and it is very sensitive to the charmonium dissociation cross section with co-moving hadrons. Within the most likely scenario for the dissociatio…
We present in this work a study of large-\pt\ charmonium production in hadronic collisions. We work in the framework of the factorization model of Bodwin Braaten and Lepage, thereby including the color octet production mechanism, and extract the values of the necessary nonperturbative parameters from a comparison with the most recent data from the Fermilab 1.8 TeV $p\bar p$ hadron collider. We extend the calculation to 630 \gev, and compare the results with data published by the UA1 Collaboration. The global agreement is satisfactory, indicating that the largest components of the production me…
We present the preliminary results of a calculation of the fragmentation contribution to charmonium production at large transverse momentum in $p\bar{p}$ colliders. The fragmentation of gluons and charm quarks is the dominant direct production mechanism for sufficiently large $p_{\perp}$. We find that for both $J/ψ$ and $ψ'$ production fragmentation dominates over the conventional gluon-gluon fusion mechanism for $p_{\perp}$ greater than about 6 GeV.} Presented at the Workshop on Physics at Current Accelerator and the Supercollider, Argonne National Laboratory, June 1993.
The production of the charmonium states in hadronic experiments is considered in NLO at the strong coupling constant. It is shown, that such an approach solves some significant problems, arising when only leading order processes are considered. In particular, in such a consideration distributions over the transverse momentum of the final charmonium can be obtained. There appears also a natural explanation to the existence of $χ_{c1}$-meson in final state, that is observed experimentally and cannot be produced in leading order processes.
The production of the charmonium states in proton-antiproton experiments is considered at the energy rates near threshold in NLO. Such a consideration allows one to obtain non zero distributions over the transverse momentum of the final charmonium and gives a natural explanation to the existence of $χ_{c1}$-meson in final state, that is observed experimentally and cannot be produced in leading order processes. The crucial role of scale parameter choice in $α_s (Q^2)$ and partonic distributions $f(x,Q^2)$ shown, and the correct choice offered.
A kinetic equation approach is applied to model anomalous J/psi suppression at RHIC and SPS by absorption in a hadron resonance gas which successfully describes statistical hadron production in both experiments. The puzzling rapidity dependence of the PHENIX data is reproduced as a geometric effect due to a longer absorption path for J/psi production at forward rapidity.
I give an overview of the current status of the theory of charmonium production in hard-scattering processes and summarize the present state of comparisons between theory and experiment.
At present the color-octet mechanism is still an important and debatable part in the non-relativistic QCD(NRQCD). We find in this work that the polarized double charmonium production at the LHC may pose a stringent test on the charmonium production mechanism. Result shows that the transverse momentum($p_T$) scaling behaviors of double $J/ψ$ differential cross sections in color-singlet and -octet production mechanisms deviate distinctively from each other while $p_T$ is larger than 7 GeV. In color-octet mechanism, the two $J/ψ$s in one pair are mostly transversely polarized when $p_T\gg 2 m_c$,…
We estimate transverse spin single spin asymmetry(TSSA) in the process $e+p^\uparrow \to J/ψ+X$ using color evaporation model of charmonium production. We take into account transverse momentum dependent(TMD) evolution of Sivers function and parton distribution function and show that the there is a reduction in the asymmetry as compared to our earlier estimates wherein the $Q^2$ - evolution was implemented only through DGLAP evolution of unpolarized gluon densities.
The production of the ${}^1P_1$ charmonium state, $h_c$, at large-$p_T$ at the Tevatron is considered. The colour-octet contributions to this state are found to be dominant and give a reasonably large rate for the production of $h_c$. This should make it feasible to look for this resonance in the $J/ψ+π$ decay channel. This production rate is a prediction of NRQCD, and the observation of the $h_c$ at the Tevatron can, therefore, be used as a test of the colour-octet predictions of NRQCD.
We show that both hard perturbative and soft non-perturbative QCD effects are important in hadroproduction of charmonium. Observed $x_F$ and $p_\perp$ distributions of J/psi in fixed target experiments can be well described by our Monte Carlo model based on perturbative QCD and the Color Evaporation Model.
Studies of charmonium properties and production mechanism started with the discovery of $J/ψ$ meson. Since more than 40 years the charmonium production mechanism is still not entirely understood. Following the era of investigations at $e^+e^-$ machines, nowadays, charmonium states are copiously produced at hadron colliders, that allows systematic studies of their resonance parameters, production observables and decays. Despite large production rates, many charmonium states are barely studied due to the complications of their reconstruction against a large background level. The LHCb experiment …
Calculations of heavy quark and charmonium hadroproduction are presented in the k_t-factorization approach. The resulting differential cross sections are compared to experimental values and NLO collinear predictions. The application of the full effective Fadin-Lipatov quark-antiquark- production-vertex has an important influence on the results and in particular leads to a strong suppression of certain color octet contributions which are related to the outstanding problem of the production of polarized J/Psi.
Using the two-component model that includes charmonium production from initial nucleon-nucleon hard scattering and regeneration in the produced quark-gluon plasma, we study $J/ψ$ production in heavy ion collisions at SPS, RHIC and LHC. For the expansion dynamics of produced hot dense matter, we use a schematic viscous hydrodynamic model with the specific shear viscosity taken, respectively, to be twice and ten times the lower bound of $1/4π$ suggested by the Ads/CFT correspondence in the quark-gluon plasma and in the hadron gas. For the initial dissociation and the subsequent thermal decay of …
It is shown that the nuclear shadowing of charmonium due to the modification of the nuclear parton distribution is similar in the factorization approach based on non relativistic QCD and in the color evaporation model. In the first model, a separate study of the color octet and color singlet contributions to the yields of the various charmonium states as well as the contributions of these states to the total $J/Ψ$ production is performed. It is found a clear $x_F$ dependence of these contributions which can reproduce experimental data for moderate $x_F$.
The color evaporation model simply states that charmonium production is described by the same dynamics as $D \bar D$ production, {\em i.e.}, by the formation of a colored $c \bar c$ pair. Its color happens to be bleached by soft final-state interactions. We show that the model gives a complete picture of charmonium production including low-energy production by proton, photon and antiproton beams, and high-energy production at the Tevatron and HERA. Our analysis includes the first next-to-leading-order calculation in the color evaporation model.
We calculate the D-wave charmonium production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation at BELLE and BABAR at $\sqrt{s}=10.6$ GeV using the nonrelativistic QCD factorization formalism, including color singlet and color octet contributions. We analyze the contributions of various processes for $δ_J(J=1,2)$ production. We find that both the color singlet and color octet channels may give substantial contributions, and the production rates are estimated to be $σ(δ_1)\simeq 0.043-0.16pb$ and $σ(δ_2)\simeq 0.094-0.29pb$, which, however, are very sensitive to the choice of the color octet matrix elements of the D-wa…
In this paper the production of excited vector and pseudoscalar charmonium mesons in $\epem$ annihilation is analyzed in the framework of light cone. In particular the cross sections $\epem \to ψ(2S)η_c(1S), ψ(1S)η_c(2S),ψ(2S)η_c(2S)$ have been calculated. It is shown, that contrary to NRQCD the cross sections calculated in the framework of light cone agree with experimental data.
Recent data on charmonium production in B-meson decays suggest that charmonium hybrid mesons with mass ~4 GeV may be produced in B-decay via c\bar{c} colour octet operators. Some of these states are likely to be narrow with clean signatures to J/ψpi^+ pi^- final states. Experimental signatures and search strategies for existing B-factories are described.
