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arXiv 1111.3834quant-phcond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.stat-mech
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量子和纳米热力学的基本限制

Fundamental limitations for quantum and nano thermodynamics

Michał Horodecki, Jonathan Oppenheim

摘要:

热力学和统计物理之间的关系在热力学极限是有效的-当粒子的数量变得非常大。在这里,我们研究热力学在相反的制度-在纳米尺度,当量子效应变得重要。应用量子信息理论的结果,我们建立了一个热力学理论在这些限制。我们推导出一般标准的vacuical状态转换,并作为特殊情况下,找到两个自由能:一个是量化的确定性提取的工作从一个小系统中接触的热浴,和其他量化的逆过程。我们发现,由于有限尺寸效应和量子相干性,从非平衡态中提取功存在着根本的限制。这意味着在这种尺度下,相变一般是不可逆的。作为这些方法的一个应用,我们分析了小型热机的效率,发现它们在循环的绝热阶段是不可逆的。

英文摘要:

The relationship between thermodynamics and statistical physics is valid in the thermodynamic limit - when the number of particles becomes very large. Here, we study thermodynamics in the opposite regime - at both the nano scale, and when quantum effects become important. Applying results from quantum information theory we construct a theory of thermodynamics in these limits. We derive general criteria for thermodynamical state transformations, and as special cases, find two free energies: one that quantifies the deterministically extractable work from a small system in contact with a heat bath, and the other that quantifies the reverse process. We find that there are fundamental limitations on work extraction from nonequilibrium states, owing to finite size effects and quantum coherences. This implies that thermodynamical transitions are generically irreversible at this scale. As one application of these methods, we analyse the efficiency of small heat engines and find that they are irreversible during the adiabatic stages of the cycle.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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