超光速的相速度和群速度：索末菲关于介质中波动的相速度、群速度和波前速度的教程，以及对电子“瞬时超光速”的应用。
Superluminal phase and group velocities: A tutorial on Sommerfeld's phase, group, and front velocities for wave motion in a medium, with applications to the "instantaneous superluminality" of electrons
摘要：
索末菲介绍的相，群和前速度的概念将被审查，并应用于超光速现象，与光学实验表明超光速群速度的简要回顾。我们将在电子的情况下讨论“瞬时超发光”的特殊情况。特别是，电子通过费米电子海从正常金属的内部到外部的电荷转移将结合正在进行的实验进行讨论，以测量在长铝棒中发生这种电荷转移过程所需的时间，这是法拉第最初的“冰桶”实验的概括。此外，还将讨论通过输入和输出约瑟夫森结耦合的超导岛的库珀对的电荷转移速度。
英文摘要：
The concepts of phase, group, and front velocities introduced by Sommerfeld will be reviewed, and applied to superluminal phenomena, with a brief review of optical experiments that evince superluminal group velocities. We shall discuss the special case of "instantaneous superluminality" in the case of electrons. In particular, the charge transfer of electrons through a Fermi sea of electrons from the interior to the exterior of a normal metal will be discussed in connection with an ongoing experiment to measure the time it takes for this charge transfer process to take place in a long aluminum bar, in a generalization of Faraday's original "ice-pail" experiment. Also, the speed of the charge transfer of Cooper pairs through a bimetallic superconducting island, coupled via an input and an output Josephson junctions, will be discussed.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
