磁场辅助基因传递的研究进展与应用前景
Magnetic Field-Assisted Gene Delivery: Achievements and Therapeutic Potential
摘要：
在2000年代早期发现，与非病毒或病毒载体复合的磁性纳米颗粒（MNP）可以在外部磁场的存在下极大地增强基因转移到细胞中，这引起了人们的极大兴趣。这种技术被称为磁转染，最初主要是为了改善细胞培养中的基因转移，这是一种比体内模型更简单，更容易控制的情况。这些研究为磁转染的某些独特能力提供了证据。逐渐地，对磁转染的兴趣扩展到其在动物模型中的应用，并导致该技术与另一种技术，磁性药物靶向（MDT）的关联。这种组合提供了可能性，以开发更有效和更少的侵入性基因治疗策略的一些主要的病理，如癌症，神经退行性疾病和心肌梗死。MDT的目标是通过适当聚焦的外部磁场将用治疗药物功能化的MNP集中在身体的靶区域。稳定、无毒的MNP-基因载体复合物的可用性现在为开发磁性基因靶向（MGT）提供了机会，MGT是MDT的一种变体，其中编码治疗分子的基因而不是分子本身被递送到体内的治疗靶区域。本文将首先概述磁转染的原理，随后描述该技术中使用的磁场和MNP的性质。接下来，它将回顾磁转染在细胞培养中取得的结果。最后，将讨论MGT用于实施微创基因治疗的潜力。
英文摘要：
The discovery in the early 2000's that magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) complexed to nonviral or viral vectors can, in the presence of an external magnetic field, greatly enhance gene transfer into cells has raised much interest. This technique, called magnetofection, was initially developed mainly to improve gene transfer in cell cultures, a simpler and more easily controllable scenario than in vivo models. These studies provided evidence for some unique capabilities of magnetofection. Progressively, the interest in magnetofection expanded to its application in animal models and led to the association of this technique with another technology, magnetic drug targeting (MDT). This combination offers the possibility to develop more efficient and less invasive gene therapy strategies for a number of major pathologies like cancer, neurodegeneration and myocardial infarction. The goal of MDT is to concentrate MNPs functionalized with therapeutic drugs, in target areas of the body by means of properly focused external magnetic fields. The availability of stable, nontoxic MNP-gene vector complexes now offers the opportunity to develop magnetic gene targeting (MGT), a variant of MDT in which the gene coding for a therapeutic molecule, rather than the molecule itself, is delivered to a therapeutic target area in the body. This article will first outline the principle of magnetofection, subsequently describing the properties of the magnetic fields and MNPs used in this technique. Next, it will review the results achieved by magnetofection in cell cultures. Last, the potential of MGT for implementing minimally invasive gene therapy will be discussed.
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