电迁移现象及其对强电磁场下金属表面的影响：加速器击穿的新方法
Electromigration occurrences and its effects on metallic surfaces submitted to high electromagnetic field : A novel approach to breakdown in accelerators
摘要：
在金属表面上施加高电场会导致充分描述的击穿现象。在经典的情况下，爆炸性电子发射（爆炸），击穿（BD）起源于发射部位（表面突起）。调节过程包括一个接一个地“燃烧”发射点，许多观测显示表面覆盖着或多或少重叠的熔融陨石坑。在处理加速器的RF腔时，现在越来越多地寻求场，人们可以合理地怀疑是否还应该考虑其他物理现象。特别是，我们认为，电迁移，特别是在表面或晶界不能再被忽略在高场（即50-100 MV/m）。在液态金属发射源领域的许多出版物表明，非常稳定和强的发射源，无论是离子还是电子，通过与加速器中引起的通常的局部击穿略有不同的机制，在经受电场的金属表面上积累。该机制涉及电迁移和表面原子的集体运动的组合。最近在30 GHz CLIC（紧凑型线性对撞机）加速结构上获得的结果，连同此后曝光的数据，使我们提出了一个补充方案（前等离子体幻影），基于电迁移，这可以解释大面积表面的早期熔化。
英文摘要：
The application of a high electrical field on metallic surfaces leads to the well described phenomena of breakdown. In the classical scenario, explosive electron emission (EEE), breakdown (BD) originates from an emitting site (surface protrusion). The conditioning process consists of "burning" the emitting sites one after another and numerous observations exhibit surfaces covered with molten craters that more or less overlap. When dealing with RF cavities for accelerators, where increasingly fields are now sought, one can legitimately wonder if other physical phenomena should also be taken into account. In particular, we believe that electromigration, especially at surfaces or grain boundaries cannot be neglected anymore at high field (i.e. 50-100 MV/m). Many publications in the domain of liquid metal emission sources show that very stable and strong emission sources, either ions or electrons, build up on metallic surfaces submitted to electrical fields through a mechanism that is slightly different from the usual localized breakdown evoked in accelerators. This mechanism involves the combination of electromigration and collective motion of surface atoms. The recent results obtained on 30 GHz CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) accelerating structures, altogether with the data exposed hereafter have led us to propose a complementary scenario (pre-plasma apparition), based on electromigration, which could explain early melting of large areas of the surface.
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