观察者效应
The observer effect
摘要：
基于我们对日内瓦-布鲁塞尔物理学基础方法的分析，我们对观察的关键概念进行了澄清和分类。可以在有或没有作用域的情况下观察实体。在第二种情况下，观察是一个纯粹的非侵入性发现过程;在第一种情况下，它是一个纯粹的侵入性过程，可以涉及创建或破坏方面。一个实体也可以在完全控制或不完全控制观察过程的情况下被观察到。在后一种情况下，观测可以用对称性破缺机制来描述，通过这种机制，一个特定的确定性观测过程可以从许多潜在的过程中选择出来，正如阿塞尔的隐藏测量方法所解释的那样。这就是所谓的产品测试或产品观察，其结果是结果只能用概率来预测，就像典型的量子测量一样。我们还表明，观察可以是关于被观察实体的内在（稳定）属性，或者是关于观察者和被观察实体之间的关系（短暂）属性;也可以是关于中间属性，既不是纯经典的，也不是纯量子的。我们的分析使我们能够提出一个一般的概念表征的量子测量，作为观测过程，涉及三个方面：（1）产品的观察，（2）纯粹的创造方面和（3）短暂的关系属性。我们还讨论了非空间性的重要概念，并强调量子和经典/相对论观测之间的一些差异和相似之处。
英文摘要：
Founding our analysis on the Geneva-Brussels approach to the foundations of physics, we provide a clarification and classification of the key concept of observation. An entity can be observed with or without a scope. In the second case, the observation is a purely non-invasive discovery process; in the first case, it is a purely invasive process, which can involve either creation or destruction aspects. An entity can also be observed with or without a full control over the observational process. In the latter case, the observation can be described by a symmetry breaking mechanism, through which a specific deterministic observational process is selected among a number of potential ones, as explained in Aerts' hidden measurement approach. This is what is called a product test, or product observation, whose consequences are that outcomes can only be predicted in probabilistic terms, as it is the case in typical quantum measurements. We also show that observations can be about intrinsic (stable) properties of the observed entity, or about relational (ephemeral) properties between the observer and observed entities; also, they can be about intermediate properties, neither purely classical, nor purely quantum. Our analysis allows us to propose a general conceptual characterization of quantum measurements, as observational processes involving three aspects: (1) product observations, (2) pure creation aspects and (3) ephemeral relational properties. We also discuss the important concept of non-spatiality and emphasize some of the differences and similarities between quantum and classical/relativistic observations.
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