具有相互排斥作用的生态系统自组织到高度多样性的状态
Ecosystems with mutually exclusive interactions self-organize to a state of high diversity
摘要：
生态系统由惊人的物种多样性组成，它们相互合作或竞争，形成复杂的相互依赖关系。在长时间尺度上保持大的物种多样性〈动〉性<动>的最低要求一般是未知的。以地衣群落为例，我们提出了一个相互排斥的生物体竞争空间的进化模型。我们认为，涉及三个或三个以上的物种开放的空间分离的亚种群，随后可以导致增加多样性的链状或循环入侵。与其非空间对应，我们的模型预测了强大的共存的大量物种，根据地衣生长的观察。结果表明，大的物种多样性〈动〉性<动>可以在进化的时间尺度上，物种之间的相互作用有空间限制。特别是，一个阶段过渡到一个可持续的高度多样性的状态。
英文摘要：
Ecological systems comprise an astonishing diversity of species that cooperate or compete with each other forming complex mutual dependencies. The minimum requirements to maintain a large species diversity on long time scales are in general unknown. Using lichen communities as an example, we propose a model for the evolution of mutually excluding organisms that compete for space. We suggest that chain-like or cyclic invasions involving three or more species open for creation of spatially separated sub-populations that subsequently can lead to increased diversity. In contrast to its non-spatial counterpart, our model predicts robust co-existence of a large number of species, in accordance with observations on lichen growth. It is demonstrated that large species diversity can be obtained on evolutionary timescales, provided that interactions between species have spatial constraints. In particular, a phase transition to a sustainable state of high diversity is identified.
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