用中性碳原子的亚毫米红移跃迁测量基本常数的时空变化
Measuring space-time variation of the fundamental constants with redshifted submillimetre transitions of neutral carbon
摘要：
我们比较了中性碳和一氧化碳在红移源中的红移，其中中性碳的精细结构跃迁，[CI]，已被检测到，以测量基本常数的时空变化。与CO旋转线测量的比较给出了从单电离碳的比较精细结构线[CII]获得的相同常数组合。然而，中性碳具有明显的优势，它可以与一氧化碳在空间上重合，而[CII]可以位于分子云之间的扩散介质中，因此与CO的任何比较都可以由固有速度差异决定。使用[CI]，我们得到了8个[CI]系统的平均变化dF/F =（-3.6 +/- 8.5）x 10^-5，z = 2.3 - 4.1，当包括两个[CII]系统时，其下降到（-1.5+/- 11）x 10^-5，z = 2.3 - 6.4。也就是说，在10.8-12.8 Gyr的回顾时间内零变化。然而，最新的光学结果表明α的空间变化，这描述了偶极子，我们在dF/F中看到了相同的方向。然而，这种趋势是由于单一来源的[CI]光谱质量差。这也适用于先前用来寻找α ^2/μ的零变化的两个[CII]光谱中的一个。量化这一点，我们发现一个反相关之间|DF/F|以及通过光谱分辨率测量的碳检测质量，表明用于获得检测的>50 km/s的典型值太粗糙，不能可靠地测量常数的变化。从已知的z > 1 CO系统的通量，我们预测，目前的仪器是无法通过比较CO和碳线测量常数的变化所需的灵敏度。因此，我们详细讨论使用ALMA这样一个事业.删节
英文摘要：
We compare the redshifts of neutral carbon and carbon monoxide in the redshifted sources in which the fine structure transition of neutral carbon, [CI], has been detected, in order to measure space-time variation of the fundamental constants. Comparison with the CO rotational lines measures gives the same combination of constants obtained from the comparison fine structure line of singly ionised carbon, [CII]. However, neutral carbon has the distinct advantage that it may be spatially coincident with the carbon monoxide, whereas [CII] could be located in the diffuse medium between molecular clouds, and so any comparison with CO could be dominated by intrinsic velocity differences. Using [CI], we obtain a mean variation of dF/F = (-3.6 +/- 8.5) x 10^-5, over z = 2.3 - 4.1, for the eight [CI] systems, which degrades to (-1.5+/- 11) x 10^-5, over z = 2.3 - 6.4 when the two [CII] systems are included. That is, zero variation over look-back times of 10.8-12.8 Gyr. However, the latest optical results indicate a spatial variation in alpha, which describes a dipole and we see the same direction in dF/F. This trend is, however, due to a single source for which the [CI] spectrum is of poor quality. This also applies to one of the two [CII] spectra previously used to find a zero variation in alpha^2/mu. Quantifying this, we find an anti-correlation between |dF/F| and the quality of the carbon detection, as measured by the spectral resolution, indicating that the typical values of >50 km/s, used to obtain a detection, are too coarse to reliably measure changes in the constants. From the fluxes of the known z > 1 CO systems, we predict that current instruments are incapable of the sensitivities required to measure changes in the constants through the comparison of CO and carbon lines. We therefore discuss in detail the use of ALMA for such an undertaking ... ABRIDGED
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