中文搜索引擎过滤分析
An Analysis of Chinese Search Engine Filtering
摘要：
政府对互联网搜索引擎操作的强制要求是计算机科学和公共政策越来越感兴趣的领域。这些搜索引擎的用户经常观察到审查的证据，但实施这种审查的政府政策通常不公开。为了更好地理解这些政策，我们在中国互联网用户使用的主要搜索引擎上进行了一系列实验，对各种不同的词进行查询：一些是中性的，一些是重要人物的名字，一些是政治的，还有一些是色情的。我们用中文对百度、谷歌（包括google.cn，在它被终止之前）、雅虎、还有Bing。我们发现色情词汇的过滤非常积极，在某些情况下，使用常见字符的非色情词汇也会被过滤。我们还发现，著名活动家和组织者以及高级政治和军事领导人的名字也被全部或部分过滤。在某些情况下，我们发现我们认为是“黑名单”的搜索词。在这些情况下，出现的唯一结果，对于其中任何一个，来自一个简短的“白名单”的网站拥有或直接控制的中国政府。通过长时间的重复观察，我们还发现中国防火长城的关键字屏蔽政策随时间而变化。虽然我们的研究结果没有提供任何关于如何击败或绕过中国互联网审查的基本见解，但它们仍然有助于理解长城防火墙和中国搜索引擎之间如何分担审查职责的结构。
英文摘要：
The imposition of government mandates upon Internet search engine operation is a growing area of interest for both computer science and public policy. Users of these search engines often observe evidence of censorship, but the government policies that impose this censorship are not generally public. To better understand these policies, we conducted a set of experiments on major search engines employed by Internet users in China, issuing queries against a variety of different words: some neutral, some with names of important people, some political, and some pornographic. We conducted these queries, in Chinese, against Baidu, Google (including google.cn, before it was terminated), Yahoo!, and Bing. We found remarkably aggressive filtering of pornographic terms, in some cases causing non-pornographic terms which use common characters to also be filtered. We also found that names of prominent activists and organizers as well as top political and military leaders, were also filtered in whole or in part. In some cases, we found search terms which we believe to be "blacklisted". In these cases, the only results that appeared, for any of them, came from a short "whitelist" of sites owned or controlled directly by the Chinese government. By repeating observations over a long observation period, we also found that the keyword blocking policies of the Great Firewall of China vary over time. While our results don't offer any fundamental insight into how to defeat or work around Chinese internet censorship, they are still helpful to understand the structure of how censorship duties are shared between the Great Firewall and Chinese search engines.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
