核天体物理学：对元素起源的未完成的探索
Nuclear astrophysics: the unfinished quest for the origin of the elements
摘要：
自核天体物理学创立以来，半个世纪已经过去了。从那时起，这门学科已经成熟。今天，核天体物理学构成了一个多学科知识的熔炉，它结合了理论天体物理学、观测天文学、宇宙化学和核物理学的成就。新的工具和新的发展使我们对元素起源的理解发生了革命性的变化：超级计算机为天体物理学家提供了在多维框架内研究恒星演化所需的计算能力;高能天体物理学与空间天文台的出现为从新的全色角度观察宇宙打开了新的窗口;宇宙化学家已经分离出嵌在原始陨石中的星尘的微小碎片，为恒星的运作过程以及物质凝结形成固体的方式提供了线索;和核物理学家通过使用稳定的放射性离子束设备的共同努力，测量了接近恒星能量的反应。这篇评论提供了对宇宙核历史和相关主题的全面见解：从大爆炸开始，当原始爆炸的灰烬转化为氢，氦和少量微量元素时，到宇宙中丰富多样的核合成机制和地点。特别注意的是流体静力学的过程，管理低质量的恒星，红巨星和渐近巨星分支恒星的演化，以及爆炸性核合成发生在核心坍缩和热核超新星，伽马射线暴，经典新星，X射线暴，超暴，恒星合并。
英文摘要：
Half a century has passed since the foundation of nuclear astrophysics. Since then, this discipline has reached its maturity. Today, nuclear astrophysics constitutes a multidisciplinary crucible of knowledge that combines the achievements in theoretical astrophysics, observational astronomy, cosmochemistry and nuclear physics. New tools and developments have revolutionized our understanding of the origin of the elements: supercomputers have provided astrophysicists with the required computational capabilities to study the evolution of stars in a multidimensional framework; the emergence of high-energy astrophysics with space-borne observatories has opened new windows to observe the Universe, from a novel panchromatic perspective; cosmochemists have isolated tiny pieces of stardust embedded in primitive meteorites, giving clues on the processes operating in stars as well as on the way matter condenses to form solids; and nuclear physicists have measured reactions near stellar energies, through the combined efforts using stable and radioactive ion beam facilities. This review provides comprehensive insight into the nuclear history of the Universe and related topics: starting from the Big Bang, when the ashes from the primordial explosion were transformed to hydrogen, helium, and few trace elements, to the rich variety of nucleosynthesis mechanisms and sites in the Universe. Particular attention is paid to the hydrostatic processes governing the evolution of low-mass stars, red giants and asymptotic giant-branch stars, as well as to the explosive nucleosynthesis occurring in core-collapse and thermonuclear supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, classical novae, X-ray bursts, superbursts, and stellar mergers.
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