AXIOM：Magnetosphere的高级X射线成像
AXIOM: Advanced X-ray Imaging Of the Magnetosphere
摘要：
行星等离子体和磁场环境可以通过现场测量或遥感进行研究。前者提供了关于局部尺度上等离子体行为、不稳定性和动力学的精确信息，而后者提供了了解磁层等离子体与太阳风总体相互作用所需的全球视角。在这里，我们提出了一种新的和更优雅的方法，采用远程X射线成像技术，这是现在可能由于太阳风电荷交换X射线发射在地球磁层附近的相对较新的发现。我们描述了如何适当设计和定位的X射线望远镜，同时在现场测量太阳风的支持下，可以用来成像的昼侧磁层，磁鞘和弓形激波，时间和空间分辨率足以解决几个关键的悬而未决的问题，关于如何在全球一级的太阳风与地球的磁层相互作用。我们的研究使我们提出了“AXIOM：磁层高级X射线成像”，这是一项概念任务，使用带有LISA探路者型推进模块的Vega发射器将航天器置于围绕地月L1点的Lissajous轨道。模型有效载荷包括一个X射线宽场成像仪和一个现场等离子体和磁场测量包。这套设备包括传感器和磁力计，传感器的设计目的是测量太阳风的整体特性，并探测引起电荷交换发射的太阳风的次要离子群，磁力计的设计目的是测量太阳风磁场的强度和方向。我们展示了模拟，演示了拟议的X射线望远镜设计是如何能够成像的预测发射从昼侧磁层的灵敏度和节奏所需的实现科学目标的使命。
英文摘要：
Planetary plasma and magnetic field environments can be studied by in situ measurements or by remote sensing. While the former provide precise information about plasma behaviour, instabilities and dynamics on local scales, the latter offers the global view necessary to understand the overall interaction of the magnetospheric plasma with the solar wind. Here we propose a novel and more elegant approach employing remote X-ray imaging techniques, which are now possible thanks to the relatively recent discovery of solar wind charge exchange X-ray emissions in the vicinity of the Earth's magnetosphere. We describe how an appropriately designed and located X-ray telescope, supported by simultaneous in situ measurements of the solar wind, can be used to image the dayside magnetosphere, magnetosheath and bow shock, with a temporal and spatial resolution sufficient to address several key outstanding questions concerning how the solar wind interacts with the Earth's magnetosphere on a global level. Our studies have led us to propose 'AXIOM: Advanced X-ray Imaging Of the Magnetosphere', a concept mission using a Vega launcher with a LISA Pathfinder-type Propulsion Module to place the spacecraft in a Lissajous orbit around the Earth - Moon L1 point. The model payload consists of an X-ray Wide Field Imager and an in situ plasma and magnetic field measurement package. This package comprises sensors designed to measure the bulk properties of the solar wind and to characterise its minor ion populations which cause charge exchange emission, and a magnetometer designed to measure the strength and direction of the solar wind magnetic field. We show simulations that demonstrate how the proposed X-ray telescope design is capable of imaging the predicted emission from the dayside magnetosphere with the sensitivity and cadence required to achieve the science goals of the mission.
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