Gas loss is thought to be important in SF quenching and morphological transition during the evolution of S0 galaxies. In high density environments, gas loss can be achieved via many external mechanisms. However, in relatively isolated environments, where these external mechanisms cannot be efficient, gas loss must be dominated by some internal processes. We perform Chandra analysis of hot gas in five nearby isolated S0 galaxies, based on quantitative subtraction of various stellar contributions. We find that all the galaxies studied in the present work are X-ray faint, with the hot gas luminosity LX<5% of the expected Ia SN energy injection rate. We further compare our results with those from relevant recent papers, in order to investigate the energy budget, cold-hot gas relation, and gas removal from S0 galaxies in isolated environments. We find that elliptical and S0 galaxies are not significantly different in LX at the low mass end (typically with LK<1e11Lsun). However, at the high mass end, S0 galaxies tend to have significantly lower LX than elliptical galaxies of the same stellar masses. We further discuss the potential relation of the diffuse X-ray emission with the cold gas content in S0 and elliptical galaxies. We find that LX/LK^2 tends to correlate positively with the total cold gas mass M(H2+HI) for gas-poor galaxies with M(H2+HI)<1e8Msun, while they anti-correlate with each other for gas-rich ones. This cold-hot gas relation can be explained in a scenario of galaxy evolution, with the leftover cold gas from the precursor star forming galaxy mainly removed by the long-lasting Ia SN feedback. The two different trends for gas-rich and -poor galaxies may be the results of the initial fast decreasing SN rate and the later fast decreasing mass-loading to hot gas, respectively.
Using diffuse radio emission in clusters of galaxies to probe the cosmic web, cosmic rays and dark matter
漫射射电源的研究对于我们了解星系团的物理条件以及大尺度磁场在相对论粒子在团内介质（ICM）中传播中所起的作用是必不可少的。由于耗散过程，ICM的热等离子体包含无用的信息的结构和CR的形成。这种过去和现在的信息是由它的非热辐射完整地携带的，这种非热辐射是由高度相对论性的粒子在大尺度磁场中螺旋运动引起的。漫射射电辐射与活动星系核现象无关，也没有光学对应物。相反，它与ICM相关，其特征在于陡峭的频谱。低表面射电亮度特征被认为是通过相对论电子的残余群体的再加速或与ICM的质子-质子碰撞形成的。漫射射电源通常分为“遗迹”、“晕”、“迷你晕”和“射电幽灵”。我们用67个红移为0.02 < z < 0.1的邻近星系团的样本来研究漫射射电辐射与大尺度结构（宇宙网）、暗物质（DM）和宇宙射线（CR）之间的关系。我们的样本的集群在低红移包含地区的无线电流量低于Jy水平是非常适合的DM的研究。DM晕可以显著地有助于在低亮度下的源的计数。我们报告正在进行的工作。
