The Tremaine-Weinberg equations are solved for a pattern speed that is allowed to vary with radius. The solution method transforms an integral equation for the pattern speed to a least squares problem with well established procedures for statistical analysis. The method applied to the HI spiral pattern of the barred, grand-design galaxy NGC 1365 produced convincing evidence for a radial dependence in the pattern speed. The pattern speed behaves approximately as 1/r, and is very similar to the material speed. There are no clear indications of corotation or Lindblad resonances. Tests show that the results are not selection biased, and that the method is not measuring the material speed. Other methods of solving the Tremaine-Weinberg equations for shearing patterns were found to produce results in agreement with those obtained using the current method. Previous estimates that relied on the assumptions of the density-wave interpretation of spiral structure are inconsistent with the results obtained using the current method. The results are consistent with spiral structure theories that allow for shearing patterns, and contradict fundamental assumptions in the density-wave interpretation that are often used for finding spiral arm pattern speeds. The spiral pattern is winding on a characteristic timescale of ~ 500 Myrs.
Molecular Gas of the Most Massive Spiral Galaxies I: a Case Study of NGC 5908
本文介绍了从CGM-MASS样品中选取的大质量旋涡星系NGC 5908的CO及其同位素的IRAM 30 m分子谱线观测结果。$^{12}$ CO $J=1-0$、$^{12}$ CO $J=2-1$和$^{13}$ CO $J=1-0$谱线在银河系盘的大多数位置都被探测到。NGC 5908的总分子气体质量是$\sim7\times10^9\rm~M_\odot$，加上原子氢的总冷气质量是$\sim1.3\times10^{10}\rm~M_\odot$，相当于晕中X射线发射热气的质量上限。用所有三条CO线构建的旋转曲线模型表明，NGC 5908的暗物质晕质量为$M_{\rm vir}\sim10^{13}\rm~M_{\rm \odot}$，使其成为最大质量的孤立螺旋星系之一。$^{12}$ CO/ $^{13}$ CO $J=1-0$、$^{12}$ CO $J=2-1$ / $J=1-0$的线比和估计的分子气体温度都表明在这个相当富含气体的大质量孤立螺旋星系中有正常但不可忽略的恒星形成，与测量的恒星形成强度和表面密度一致。该星系可能处于早期演化阶段，经过合并和/或星爆的快速增长阶段，有大量剩余的冷气体，相对较高的SFR，低的热CGM冷却速率和低的X射线发射率。
Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1097
NGC 1097是附近的一个棒旋星系，据信正在与位于其西北部的椭圆星系NGC 1097 A相互作用。它拥有一个塞弗特1核，周围环绕着一个星暴环。两条笔直的尘埃带连接到环上，几乎连续不断地延伸到酒吧。尘埃带的另一端连接到两个主旋臂上。为了对其结构和运动学特性提供物理理解，进行了二维流体动力学模拟。数值计算表明，气体的形态和运动学的许多功能可以重现提供的气体流量是由一个缓慢旋转的强酒吧相关的重力势。在计算中考虑了气体盘的自引力，我们发现星暴环是引力不稳定的，这与\citet{hsieh11}的观测结果是一致的。我们的模拟表明，气体流入率为0.17 M $_\sun$年$^{-1}$到该地区内的星暴环，即使在其形成后，导致核环和环核盘的共存。
