类磁通量的形成：尺寸效应和非平衡普适性
Fluxoid formation: size effects and non-equilibrium universality
摘要：
Kibble和Zurek提出的简单因果论证表明，凝聚态物质在连续跃迁时的标度行为与准平衡态系统的普适性类有关。虽然在25年前或更早以前就提出了，但只是在最近几年才有可能设计出可以确定标度指数的实验，并在其中可以测试这种情况。在以前的工作中，一个不寻常的高Kibble-Zurek标度指数的报告自发磁通量生产在一个单一的孤立的超导铌回路，虽然密度低。使用分析近似支持朗之万模拟，我们认为，密度小，因为这些是太低，可归因于缩放，并由小尺寸的循环的条件。我们还反映了慢淬和小环之间的物理差异，并得出这些差异的一些标准，注意到最近的工作慢淬不足以解释这里看到的异常行为。
英文摘要：
Simple causal arguments put forward by Kibble and Zurek suggest that the scaling behaviour of condensed matter at continuous transitions is related to the familiar universality classes of the systems at quasi-equilibrium. Although proposed 25 years ago or more, it is only in the last few years that it has been possible to devise experiments from which scaling exponents can be determined and in which this scenario can be tested. In previous work, an unusually high Kibble-Zurek scaling exponent was reported for spontaneous fluxoid production in a single isolated superconducting Nb loop, albeit with low density. Using analytic approximations backed up by Langevin simulations, we argue that densities as small as these are too low to be attributable to scaling, and are conditioned by the small size of the loop. We also reflect on the physical differences between slow quenches and small rings, and derive some criteria for these differences, noting that recent work on slow quenches does not adequately explain the anomalous behaviour seen here.
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