对所有预测能力超过量子理论的理论的实验检验
An experimental test of all theories with predictive power beyond quantum theory
摘要：
根据量子理论，未来测量的结果（一般来说）不能被确定地预测。在某些情况下，即使具有待测量系统和测量装置的完整物理描述，某些测量的结果也是完全随机的。这就提出了一个问题，起源于爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森的论文，即量子力学是否是预测测量结果的最佳方法。既定的论点和实验测试排除了一些特定的替代模型。在这里，我们对上述问题提供了一个完整的答案，驳斥了任何比量子理论具有更强预测能力的替代理论。更确切地说，我们对遥远的纠缠光子进行了各种测量，并且在这些测量是自由选择的假设下，我们给出了任何替代理论可以预测其结果的上限。特别是，在量子力学预测两种可能性相等的结果的情况下，我们的结果与任何预测概率增加超过~0.19的理论都不相容。因此，我们可以立即反驳任何已经考虑或尚未提出的具有更高预测能力的替代模型。
英文摘要：
According to quantum theory, the outcomes of future measurements cannot (in general) be predicted with certainty. In some cases, even with a complete physical description of the system to be measured and the measurement apparatus, the outcomes of certain measurements are completely random. This raises the question, originating in the paper by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, of whether quantum mechanics is the optimal way to predict measurement outcomes. Established arguments and experimental tests exclude a few specific alternative models. Here, we provide a complete answer to the above question, refuting any alternative theory with significantly more predictive power than quantum theory. More precisely, we perform various measurements on distant entangled photons, and, under the assumption that these measurements are chosen freely, we give an upper bound on how well any alternative theory could predict their outcomes. In particular, in the case where quantum mechanics predicts two equally likely outcomes, our results are incompatible with any theory in which the probability of a prediction is increased by more than ~0.19. Hence, we can immediately refute any already considered or yet-to-be-proposed alternative model with more predictive power than this.
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