来自宇宙学相变的重力波：规范伪像和Daisy恢复
Gravity Waves from a Cosmological Phase Transition: Gauge Artifacts and Daisy Resummations
摘要：
通常用来描述宇宙学相变的有限温度有效势常常依赖于特定的规范选择，并且在其微扰展开中在有限阶下显然不是规范不变的。因此，在一阶相变中由气泡碰撞产生的随机重力波的频谱的计算相关的量也不是规范不变的。我们评估的量化影响，这种规范的依赖性的关键量进入预测重力波从一阶宇宙学相变。我们借助于一个简单的阿贝尔Higgs模型，讨论了R_xi规范的情况.通过与使用规范不变的哈密顿形式主义得到的结果进行比较，我们表明，规范的选择可以有一个戏剧性的影响理论预测的归一化和形状的预期重力波频谱。我们还分析了需要保持微扰展开的有效性的高阶贡献的影响，并表明这样做可以抑制一个数量级或更多的频谱的振幅。我们评论开放的问题和可能的策略进行“雏菊mummed”规范不变的计算在非阿贝尔模型的规范不变的哈密顿形式主义是目前不可用的。
英文摘要：
The finite-temperature effective potential customarily employed to describe the physics of cosmological phase transitions often relies on specific gauge choices, and is manifestly not gauge-invariant at finite order in its perturbative expansion. As a result, quantities relevant for the calculation of the spectrum of stochastic gravity waves resulting from bubble collisions in first-order phase transitions are also not gauge-invariant. We assess the quantitative impact of this gauge-dependence on key quantities entering predictions for gravity waves from first order cosmological phase transitions. We resort to a simple abelian Higgs model, and discuss the case of R_xi gauges. By comparing with results obtained using a gauge-invariant Hamiltonian formalism, we show that the choice of gauge can have a dramatic effect on theoretical predictions for the normalization and shape of the expected gravity wave spectrum. We also analyze the impact of resumming higher-order contributions as needed to maintain the validity of the perturbative expansion, and show that doing so can suppress the amplitude of the spectrum by an order of magnitude or more. We comment on open issues and possible strategies for carrying out "daisy resummed" gauge invariant computations in non-Abelian models for which a gauge-invariant Hamiltonian formalism is not presently available.
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