从规范化Levenshtein距离看语言的系统发育和几何学
Phylogeny and geometry of languages from normalized Levenshtein distance
摘要：
语言对之间的距离可以从词汇差异来评估的想法似乎起源于法国探险家杜蒙·德维尔的工作。他在1826年至1829年的星盘航行中收集了各种语言的比较词汇表，在他关于太平洋地理划分的著作中，他提出了一种衡量语言之间关系程度的方法。现代词汇统计学所使用的方法是由莫里斯·斯瓦迪什（Morris Swadesh）在20世纪50年代开发的，它测量了与共享同源词的百分比之间的距离，这些同源词是具有共同历史起源的词。这种方法的缺点是主观判断起着相关的作用。最近，我们提出了一种新的自动化方法，其动机是与遗传学的类比。新方法避免了任何主观性，结果可以很容易地被其他学者复制。两种语言之间的距离通过考虑具有相同含义的词对之间的重正化Levenshtein距离并对列表中包含的词进行平均来定义。重整化，它考虑到的话的长度，起着至关重要的作用，没有合理的结果可以找到没有it.In本文中，我们给我们的自动化方法的一个简短的回顾，我们说明它考虑集群的马达加斯加方言。我们表明，它揭示了他们的亲属关系的新的光，也表明它提供了许多新的信息有关的解决马达加斯加的方式。
英文摘要：
The idea that the distance among pairs of languages can be evaluated from lexical differences seems to have its roots in the work of the French explorer Dumont D'Urville. He collected comparative words lists of various languages during his voyages aboard the Astrolabe from 1826 to 1829 and, in his work about the geographical division of the Pacific, he proposed a method to measure the degree of relation between languages. The method used by the modern lexicostatistics, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1950s, measures distances from the percentage of shared cognates, which are words with a common historical origin. The weak point of this method is that subjective judgment plays a relevant role. Recently, we have proposed a new automated method which is motivated by the analogy with genetics. The new approach avoids any subjectivity and results can be easily replicated by other scholars. The distance between two languages is defined by considering a renormalized Levenshtein distance between pair of words with the same meaning and averaging on the words contained in a list. The renormalization, which takes into account the length of the words, plays a crucial role, and no sensible results can be found without it. In this paper we give a short review of our automated method and we illustrate it by considering the cluster of Malagasy dialects. We show that it sheds new light on their kinship relation and also that it furnishes a lot of new information concerning the modalities of the settlement of Madagascar.
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