Noncooperatively Optimized Tolerance：复杂系统中的分散战略优化
Noncooperatively Optimized Tolerance: Decentralized Strategic Optimization in Complex Systems
摘要：
我们引入非合作优化的宽容（非），高度优化的宽容（HOT），涉及战略（博弈论）在一个复杂的系统中各方之间的相互作用的概括。我们说明我们的模型在森林火灾（渗透）框架。随着玩家数量的增加，我们的模型保留了HOT的功能，如鲁棒性，高产量与高密度相结合，和自不相似的景观，但也开发了自组织临界性（SOC）的功能时，玩家的数量是足够大的。例如，森林景观变得越来越单一，防止不利事件（雷击）与这些事件的空间分布的关系变得不那么密切。虽然HOT是我们模型的一个特例，但与SOC的相似之处只是部分的;例如，级联的分布随着参与者数量的增加而变得越来越重尾，但在这种情况下也更明显地偏离幂律。令人惊讶的是，该系统保持相当的鲁棒性，即使它变得支离破碎，部分原因是相邻玩家之间的紧急合作。与此同时，增加均匀性促进了对闪电分布变化的适应能力，从而产生了中间状态，在这种状态下，系统对特定分布的不利事件具有鲁棒性，但对变化不是很脆弱。
英文摘要：
We introduce noncooperatively optimized tolerance (NOT), a generalization of highly optimized tolerance (HOT) that involves strategic (game theoretic) interactions between parties in a complex system. We illustrate our model in the forest fire (percolation) framework. As the number of players increases, our model retains features of HOT, such as robustness, high yield combined with high density, and self-dissimilar landscapes, but also develops features of self-organized criticality (SOC) when the number of players is large enough. For example, the forest landscape becomes increasingly homogeneous and protection from adverse events (lightning strikes) becomes less closely correlated with the spatial distribution of these events. While HOT is a special case of our model, the resemblance to SOC is only partial; for example, the distribution of cascades, while becoming increasingly heavy-tailed as the number of players increases, also deviates more significantly from a power law in this regime. Surprisingly, the system retains considerable robustness even as it becomes fractured, due in part to emergent cooperation between neighboring players. At the same time, increasing homogeneity promotes resilience against changes in the lightning distribution, giving rise to intermediate regimes where the system is robust to a particular distribution of adverse events, yet not very fragile to changes.
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