The mmWave communication system is operating at a regime with high number of antennas and very limited number of RF analog chains. Large number of antennas are used to extend the communication range for recovering the high path loss while fewer RF analog chains are designed to reduce transmit and processing power and hardware complexity. In this regime, typical MIMO algorithms are not applicable.
Before any communication starts, devices are needed to align their beam pointing angles towards each other. An efficient searching protocol to obtain the best beam angle pair is therefore needed. It is called BeamForming (BF) training protocol.
This paper presents a new BF training technique called beam coding. Each beam angle is assigned unique signature code. By coding multiple beam angles and steering at their angles simultaneously in a training packet, the best beam angle pair can be obtained in a few packets. The proposed BF training technique not only shows the robustness in non-line-of-sight environment, but also provides very flat power variations within a packet in contrast to the IEEE 802.11ad standard whose scheme may lead to large dynamic range of signals due to beam angles varying across a training packet.
In this paper, we investigate an intelligent reflect surface (IRS) assisted multi-user millimeter wave (mmWave) downlink communication system, exploiting IRS to alleviate the blockage effect and enhance the performance of the mmWave system. Considering the impact of IRS on user association, we formulate a sum rate maximization problem by jointly optimizing the passive beamforming at IRS and user association, which is an intractable non-convex problem. Then an alternating optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the problem efficiently. In the proposed algorithm, passive beamforming at IRS i…
Network management is a fundamental ingredient for efficient operation of wireless networks. With increasing bandwidth, number of antennas and number of users, the amount of information required for network management increases significantly. Therefore, distributed network management is a key to efficient operation of future networks. This paper focuses on the problem of distributed joint beamforming control and power allocation in ad-hoc mmWave networks. Over the shared spectrum, a number of multi-input-multi-output links attempt to minimize their supply power by simultaneously finding the lo…
Concordia University（康考迪亚大学）；Nokia Bell Laboratories（诺基亚贝尔实验室）；Texas A&M University at Qatar（德克萨斯农工大学卡塔尔分校）
To establish reliable and long-range millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication, beamforming is deemed to be a promising solution. Although beamforming can be done in the digital and analog domains, both approaches are hindered by several constraints when it comes to mmWave communications. For example, performing fully digital beamforming in mmWave systems involves using many radio frequency (RF) chains, which are expensive and consume high power. This necessitates finding more efficient ways for using fewer RF chains while taking advantage of the large antenna arrays. One way to overcome this cha…
Old Dominion University（欧道明大学）；University of Stavanger（斯塔万格大学）；Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）；eKare Inc.（eKare公司）
The design of a security scheme for beamforming prediction is critical for next-generation wireless networks (5G, 6G, and beyond). However, there is no consensus about protecting the beamforming prediction using deep learning algorithms in these networks. This paper presents the security vulnerabilities in deep learning for beamforming prediction using deep neural networks (DNNs) in 6G wireless networks, which treats the beamforming prediction as a multi-output regression problem. It is indicated that the initial DNN model is vulnerable against adversarial attacks, such as Fast Gradient Sign M…
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) networks rely on directional transmissions, in both control plane and data plane, to overcome severe path-loss. Nevertheless, the use of narrow beams complicates the initial cell-search procedure where we lack sufficient information for beamforming. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of random beamforming for cell-search. We develop a stochastic geometry framework to analyze the performance in terms of failure probability and expected latency of cell-search. Meanwhile, we compare our results with the naive, but heavily used, exhaustive search scheme. Numeric…
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey（罗格斯新泽西州立大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）
While millimeter wave (mmWave) communications promise high data rates, their sensitivity to blockage and severe signal attenuation presents challenges in their deployment in urban settings. To overcome these effects, we consider a distributed cooperative beamforming system, which relies on static relays deployed in clusters with similar channel characteristics, and where, at every time instance, only one relay from each cluster is selected to participate in beamforming to the destination. To meet the quality-of-service guarantees of the network, a key prerequisite for beamforming is relay sele…
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is envisioned as a cornerstone to fulfill the data rate requirements for fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. In mmWave communication, beamforming is considered as a key technology to combat the high path-loss, and unlike in conventional microwave communication, beamforming may be necessary even during initial access/cell search. Among the proposed beamforming schemes for initial cell search, analog beamforming is a power efficient approach but suffers from its inherent search delay during initial access. In this work, we argue that analog beamforming…
In this article, we discuss the potential of radio frequency (RF) lens for ultra-wideband millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems. In terms of the beam squint, we compare the proposed RF lens antenna with the phase shifter-based array for hybrid beamforming. To reduce the complexities for fully digital beamforming, researchers have come up with RF lens-based hybrid beamforming. The use of mmWave systems, however, causes an increase in bandwidth, which gives rise to the beam squint phenomenon. We first find the causative factors for beam squint in the dielectric RF lens antenna. Based on the beamformi…
In this paper, we provide an analytical framework to analyze the uplink performance of device-to-device (D2D)-enabled millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular networks. Signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) outage probabilities are derived for both cellular and D2D links using tools from stochastic geometry. The distinguishing features of mmWave communications such as directional beamforming and having different path loss laws for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links are incorporated into the outage analysis by employing a flexible mode selection scheme and Nakagami fading…
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications is considered as a key enabler towards the realization of next-generation wireless networks, due to the abundance of available spectrum at mmWave frequencies. However, mmWave suffers from high free-space path-loss and poor scattering resulting in mostly line-of-sight (LoS) channels which result in a lack of coverage. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), as a new paradigm, have the potential to fill the coverage holes by shaping the wireless channel. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for designing RIS with elements arranged in a uniform pla…
The next generation of multimedia applications will require the telecommunication networks to support a higher bitrate than today, in order to deliver virtual reality and ultra-high quality video content to the users. Most of the video content will be accessed from mobile devices, prompting the provision of very high data rates by next generation (5G) cellular networks. A possible enabler in this regard is communication at mmWave frequencies, given the vast amount of available spectrum that can be allocated to mobile users; however, the harsh propagation environment at such high frequencies ma…
Secure mmWave Beamforming with Proactive-ISAC Defense Against Beam-Stealing Attacks
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA（沃斯特理工学院电子与计算机工程系）；Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Mississippi State University, USA（密苏里州立大学电子与计算机工程系）
Multi-Modal Sensing and Fusion in mmWave Beamforming for Connected Vehicles: A Transformer Based Framework
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth（电子与计算机工程系，马萨诸塞大学达特茅斯分校）；Department of Graduate Computer Science and Engineering, Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University（研究生计算机科学与工程系，耶鲁大学科学与健康学院）
