超高能宇宙射线：事实、神话与传说
Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays: Facts, Myths, and Legends
摘要：
这是一系列讲座的书面版本，针对天体物理学/粒子理论/粒子实验的研究生。在第一部分中，我们解释了近年来在理解能量> 10^8 GeV的宇宙射线的实验数据方面取得的重要进展。我们首先简要调查现有的数据，包括描述的能谱，质量组成，和到达方向。在这一点上，我们也给一个简短的概述实验技术。之后，我们介绍了加速和传播的基本原理，以讨论附近的宇宙线源，并强调了一个新的（多粒子）天文学的一些前景。接下来，我们调查的艺术状态，关于宇宙中微子，应与观测到的宇宙射线。第二部分是宇宙线空气簇射现象的概述。我们解释了强子相互作用模型，用于推断结果从对撞机数据的能量，并描述了在大型强子对撞机（LHC）的前瞻性物理的见解的前景。我们还解释了主要的电磁过程，治理纵向簇射演化。有了这两个主要的淋浴成分和动机从基础物理学，我们描述了不同的方法提出区分主要物种。在最后一部分中，我们概述了如何利用高能宇宙线相互作用来探索电弱尺度之外的新物理。
英文摘要：
This is a written version of a series of lectures aimed at graduate students in astrophysics/particle theory/particle experiment. In the first part, we explain the important progress made in recent years towards understanding the experimental data on cosmic rays with energies > 10^8 GeV. We begin with a brief survey of the available data, including a description of the energy spectrum, mass composition, and arrival directions. At this point we also give a short overview of experimental techniques. After that, we introduce the fundamentals of acceleration and propagation in order to discuss the conjectured nearby cosmic ray sources, and emphasize some of the prospects for a new (multi-particle) astronomy. Next, we survey the state of the art regarding the ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrinos which should be produced in association with the observed cosmic rays. In the second part, we summarize the phenomenology of cosmic ray air showers. We explain the hadronic interaction models used to extrapolate results from collider data to ultrahigh energies, and describe the prospects for insights into forward physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We also explain the main electromagnetic processes that govern the longitudinal shower evolution. Armed with these two principal shower ingredients and motivation from the underlying physics, we describe the different methods proposed to distinguish primary species. In the last part, we outline how ultrahigh energy cosmic ray interactions can be used to probe new physics beyond the electroweak scale.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
