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arXiv 1102.3625astro-ph.EP
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第二个地球的颜色II:云对类地系外行星光度特征的影响

Colors of a Second Earth II: Effects of Clouds on Photometric Characterization of Earth-like Exoplanets

Yuka Fujii, Hajime Kawahara, Yasushi Suto, Satoru Fukuda, Teruyuki Nakajima, Timothy A. Livengood, Edwin L. Turner

摘要:

作为未来直接成像的类地系外行星的调查的试验台,我们提出了从EPOXI航天器获得的多波段昼夜光变曲线的地球表面成分的恢复。我们发现,海洋,土壤和植被的存在和纵向分布合理地再现拟合所观察到的颜色变化与一个简化的模型组成的先验已知的海洋,土壤,植被,雪和云的光谱。利用辐射转移程序模拟了大气(包括云)对地表散射光的影响。还确定了未来观测系外行星所需的噪声水平。我们的模型依赖的方法使我们能够推断出存在的主要元素的行星(在地球,云和海洋的情况下)与观测具有S/N $\gtrsim 10$在大多数情况下,如果S/N $\gtrsim 20$的高置信度。此外,S/N $\gtrsim 100$使我们能够以一种相当独立于模型的方式检测海洋和云以外的成分的存在。我们的反演过程中产生的云覆盖的退化也被量化。虽然与无云的情况相比,云层覆盖显着稀释了颜色变化的幅度,但颜色变化的模式仍然存在。因此,即使对于云层覆盖与地球相似的系外行星,通过光变曲线拟合研究表面特征的可能性仍然存在。

英文摘要:

As a test-bed for future investigations of directly imaged terrestrial exoplanets, we present the recovery of the surface components of the Earth from multi-band diurnal light curves obtained with the EPOXI spacecraft. We find that the presence and longitudinal distribution of ocean, soil and vegetation are reasonably well reproduced by fitting the observed color variations with a simplified model composed of a priori known albedo spectra of ocean, soil, vegetation, snow and clouds. The effect of atmosphere, including clouds, on light scattered from surface components is modeled using a radiative transfer code. The required noise levels for future observations of exoplanets are also determined. Our model-dependent approach allows us to infer the presence of major elements of the planet (in the case of the Earth, clouds and ocean) with observations having S/N $\gtrsim 10$ in most cases and with high confidence if S/N $\gtrsim 20$. In addition, S/N $\gtrsim 100$ enables us to detect the presence of components other than ocean and clouds in a fairly model-independent way. Degradation of our inversion procedure produced by cloud cover is also quantified. While cloud cover significantly dilutes the magnitude of color variations compared to the cloudless case, the pattern of color changes remains. Therefore, the possibility of investigating surface features through light curve fitting remains even for exoplanets with cloud cover similar to the Earth's.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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