Calculation of High Energy Neutrino-Nucleon Cross Sections and Uncertainties Using the MSTW Parton Distribution Functions and Implications for Future Experiments
Amy Connolly, Robert S. Thorne, David Waters
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20 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, published in Phys.Rev.D. This version fixes a typo in Equation 16 of the publication. Also since version v1, the following changes are in v2 and also in the published version: tables with cs values, parametrization of the y distribution at low-y improved, the discussions on likelihood and also earth absorption are expanded, added a needed minus sign in Eq. 17 of v1
We present a new calculation of the cross sections for charged current (CC) and neutral current (NC) $νN$ and $\barν N$ interactions in the neutrino energy range $10^{4}<E_ν<10^{12}$ GeV using the most recent MSTW parton distribution functions (PDFs), MSTW 2008. We also present the associated uncertainties propagated from the PDFs, as well as parametrizations of the cross section central values, their uncertainty bounds, and the inelasticity distributions for ease of use in Monte Carlo simulations. For the latter we only provide parametrizations for energies above $10^7$ GeV. Finally, we assess the feasibility of future neutrino experiments to constrain the $νN$ cross section in the ultra-high energy (UHE) regime using a technique that is independent of the flux spectrum of incident neutrinos. A significant deviation from the predicted Standard Model cross sections could be an indication of new physics, such as extra space-time dimensions, and we present expected constraints on such models as a function of the number of events observed in a future subterranean neutrino detector.
We outline the historical development of MRST/MSTW parton distribution functions (PDFs), and clarify how they should be regarded when compared to the most up-to-date 2008 MSTW sets, noting which sets are now obsolete and the reasons why.
We present LO, NLO and NNLO sets of parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton determined from global analyses of the available hard scattering data. These MMHT2014 PDFs supersede the `MSTW2008' parton sets, but are obtained within the same basic framework. We include a variety of new data sets, from the LHC, updated Tevatron data and the HERA combined H1 and ZEUS data on the total and charm structure functions. We also improve the theoretical framework of the previous analysis. These new PDFs are compared to the `MSTW2008' parton sets. In most cases the PDFs, and the predictions, are …
We consider the effect on LHC jet cross sections on partons distribution functions (PDFs), in particular the MSTW2008 set of PDFs. We first compare the published inclusive jet data to the predictions using MSTW2008, finding a very good description. We also use the parton distribution reweighting procedure to estimate the impact of these new data on the PDFs, finding that the combined ATLAS 2.76 TeV and 7 TeV data, and CMS 7 TeV data have some significant impact. We then also investigate the impact of ATLAS, CMS and D0 dijet data using the same techniques. In this case we investigate the effect…
A selection of the latest and most frequently used PDFs is incorporated in PYTHIA8, including the MC-adapted PDFs from the MSTW and CTEQ collaborations. This thesis examines the differences in PDFs as well as the effect they have on results of simulations. The results are also compared to data collected by the CDF experiment.
We examine the effect of including the `combined' HERA structure function data in the MSTW global fit for parton distribution functions (PDFs). The combined neutral-current HERA data have a significant, if not dramatic, effect, of up to 2--3% at NLO for Z boson and Higgs production at the Tevatron and LHC, and a generally slightly smaller effect, particularly on LHC processes, at NNLO. This is an amount comparable, or less than, the typical PDF uncertainties, and hence we do not intend to release an imminent update to the MSTW 2008 fit. We also investigate the consistency with the recent D0 da…
We briefly summarise the "MSTW 2008" determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs), and subsequent follow-up studies, before reviewing some topical issues concerning the PDF dependence of cross sections at the Tevatron and LHC. We update a recently published study of benchmark Standard Model total cross sections (W, Z, gg->H and t-tbar production) at the 7 TeV LHC, where we account for all publicly available PDF sets and we compare to LHC data for W, Z, and t-tbar production. We show the sensitivity of the Higgs cross sections to the gluon distribution, then we demonstrate the ability …
The longitudinal proton structure function, $F_L(x,Q^2)$, from the $k_t$ factorization formalism by using the unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDF) which are generated through the KMR and MRW procedures. The LO UPDF of the KMR prescription is extracted, by taking into account the PDF of Martin et al, i.e. MSTW2008-LO and MRST99-NLO and next, the NLO UPDF of the MRW scheme is generated through the set of MSTW2008-NLO PDF as the inputs. The different aspects of $F_L(x,Q^2)$ in the two approaches, as well as its perturbative and non-perturbative parts are calculated. Then the comparis…
We investigate the Monte Carlo approach to propagation of experimental uncertainties within the context of the established "MSTW 2008" global analysis of parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton at next-to-leading order in the strong coupling. We show that the Monte Carlo approach using replicas of the original data gives PDF uncertainties in good agreement with the usual Hessian approach using the standard Delta(chi^2) = 1 criterion, then we explore potential parameterisation bias by increasing the number of free parameters, concluding that any parameterisation bias is likely to be …
We previously investigated the compatibility of the $Kimber$-$Martin$-$Ryskin$ ($KMR$) $unintegrated$ parton distribution functions ($UPDF$) with the experimental data on the proton (longitudinal) structure functions ($PSF$ ($PLSF$)). Recently $Golec-Biernat$ and $Stasto$ ($GBS$) demonstrated that the differential version of $KMR$ prescription and the implementations of angular (strong) ordering ($AOC$ ($SOC$)) constraints, cause the negative-discontinuous $UPDF$ with the ordinary parton distribution functions ($PDF$) as the input, which leads to a sizable effect on the calculation of $PSF$. I…
We study the sensitivity of our recent MSTW 2008 NLO and NNLO PDF analyses to the values of the charm- and bottom-quark masses, and we provide additional public PDF sets for a wide range of these heavy-quark masses. We quantify the impact of varying m_c and m_b on the cross sections for W, Z and Higgs production at the Tevatron and the LHC. We generate 3- and 4-flavour versions of the (5-flavour) MSTW 2008 PDFs by evolving the input PDFs and alpha_S determined from fits in the 5-flavour scheme, including the eigenvector PDF sets necessary for calculation of PDF uncertainties. As an example of …
We examine the contribution of Multiple Parton Interactions to Z+n-jets production at the LHC, n=2,3,4, where the Z boson is assumed to decay leptonically. We compare the results obtained with the correlated GS09 double parton distribution function with those obtained with two instances of fully factorized single parton distribution functions: MSTW2008LO and CTEQ6LO. It appears quite feasible to measure the MPI contribution to Z+2/3/4 jets already in the first phase of the LHC with a total luminosity of one inverse femtobarn at 7 TeV. If as expected the trigger threshold for single photons is …
In a series of papers, we have investigated the compatibility of the $Kimber$-$Martin$-$Ryskin$ ($KMR$) and $Martin$-$Ryskin$-$Watt$ ($MRW$) $unintegrated$ parton distribution functions ($UPDF$) as well as the description of the experimental data on the proton structure functions. The present work is a sequel to that survey, via calculation of the transverse momentum distribution of the electro-weak gauge vector bosons in the $k_t$-factorization scheme, by the means of the $KMR$, the $LO\;MRW$ and the $NLO\;MRW$ $UPDF$, in the next-to leading order ($NLO$). To this end, we have calculated and …
We discuss selected topics in the forthcoming MSTW 2008 determination of parton distributions by global analysis. The tolerance parameter controlling the uncertainties on the parton distributions is now determined by a new dynamic procedure for each eigenvector of the covariance matrix. New data sets fitted include Tevatron Run II data on inclusive jet production, the lepton charge asymmetry from W decays and the Z rapidity distribution. Predictions are given for the total W and Z cross sections at the Tevatron and LHC.
A "meta-analysis" is a method for comparison and combination of nonperturbative parton distribution functions (PDFs) in a nucleon obtained with heterogeneous procedures and assumptions. Each input parton distribution set is converted into a "meta-parametrization" based on a common functional form. By analyzing parameters of the meta-parametrizations from all input PDF ensembles, a combined PDF ensemble can be produced that has a smaller total number of PDF member sets than the original ensembles. The meta-parametrizations simplify the computation of the PDF uncertainty in theoretical predictio…
I consider variations in the definitions, at next-to-leading order (NLO) and at next-to-next-to leading order (NNLO), of a General-Mass Variable Flavour Number Scheme (GM-VFNS) for heavy flavour structure functions. I also define a new "optimal" scheme choice improving the smoothness of the transition from one flavour number to the next. I investigate the variation of the structure function for a fixed set of parton distribution functions (PDFs) and also the change in the PDFs when a new MSTW2008-type global fit to data is performed for each GM-VFNS. At NLO the parton distributions, and predic…
We present updated leading-order, next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order parton distribution functions ("MSTW 2008") determined from global analysis of hard-scattering data within the standard framework of leading-twist fixed-order collinear factorisation in the MSbar scheme. These parton distributions supersede the previously available "MRST" sets and should be used for the first LHC data-taking and for the associated theoretical calculations. New data sets fitted include CCFR/NuTeV dimuon cross sections, which constrain the strange quark and antiquark distributions, and Teva…
We study the parton distribution of nucleon and nuclear EMC effect in a statistical model. We find when we choose the parameters appropriately, the predictions given by pure statistical laws can fit the experimental data well in most range of $x$, this reveal statistical law play an important role in the parton distribution of nucleon.
We demonstrate that perturbative QCD leads to positive 3D parton--parton correlations inside nucleon explaining a factor two enhancement of the cross section of multi-parton interactions observed at Tevatron at $x_i\ge 0.01$ as compared to the predictions of the independent parton approximation. We also find that though perturbative correlations decrease with $x$ decreasing, the nonperturbative mechanism kicks in and should generate correlation which, at $x$ below $10^{-3}$, is comparable in magnitude with the perturbative one for $x\sim 0.01$.
The consequences of a flavor broken SU(3)_f dynamical parton model are studied in the context of the elastic scattering of supersymmetric dark matter off nucleons. It is shown that the predictions of this model differ considerably from those of the commonly applied `standard' parton model. Some notable properties of the dynamical parton model are finally presented and discussed.
We have performed several fits to find the ratio $R=σ_{L}/σ_{T}$ in different phenomenological models. Our fits seem to leave no room for possible admixture of scalar partons inside the nucleon.
We present an exploratory study using generalized parton distributions of several observables related to transverse degrees of freedom in hadronic structure -- the nucleon transverse momentum, the transverse radius, or impact parameter, and the momentum transfer, $t$, dependence of the longitudinal variable $x$ -- in both nucleons and nuclei.
A model independent prediction is given for the nucleon spin contents, based only upon a reasonable theoretical postulate on the isosinglet anomalous gravitomagnetic moment of the nucleon.
The parton content of the nucleon is explored within a meson-cloud model developed to derive light-cone wave functions for the physical nucleon. The model is here applied to study electromagnetic form factors, distribution amplitudes and nucleon-to-meson transition distribution amplitudes.
Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) have become a standard QCD tool for analyzing and parametrizing the non perturbative parton structure of hadron targets. GPDs might be viewed as non-diagonal overlaps of light-cone wave functions and offer the opportunity to study the partonic content of the nucleon from a new perspective, allowing one to study the interplay between longitudinal and transverse partonic degrees of freedom. In particular, we will review some of the new information encoded in the GPDs through the definition of impact-parameter dependent parton distributions and form factors…
A fit to proton, neutron and deuteron spin asymmetries is presented and polarized parton distributions in nucleon are given. These densities have their roots in the MRS fit for unpolarized case. The integrals of polarized distributions are compared with the experimental figures. The role of polarized gluons is also discussed.
We study the generalized parton distributions, including the helicity-flip ones, using Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model based on a relativistic Faddeev approach with `static approximation'. Sum rules relating the generalized parton distributions to nucleon electromagnetic form factors are satisfied. Moreover, quark-antiquark contributions in the region $-ξ<x<ξ$ are non-vanishing. Our results are qualitatively similar to those calculated with Radyushkin's double distribution ansatz using forward parton distribution functions calculated in the NJL model as inputs.
A phenomenological model for the nucleon structure functions is presented. Visualising the nucleon as a cavity filled with parton gas in thermal equilibrium and parametrizing the effects due to the finiteness of the nucleon volume, we obtain a good fit to the data on the unpolarized nucleon structure functions.
We present the general formalism required to derive generalized parton distributions within a convolution model where the bare nucleon is dressed by its virtual meson cloud. In the one-meson approximation the Fock states of the physical nucleon are expanded in a series involving a bare nucleon and two-particle, meson-baryon, states. The baryon is assumed here to be either a nucleon or a $Δ$ described within the constituent quark model in terms of three valence quarks; correspondingly, the meson, assumed to be a pion, is described as a quark-antiquark pair. Explicit expressions for the unpolari…
We present first results from our analysis of the most general quark-quark correlator of the nucleon, which can be parameterized in terms of so-called generalized transverse momentum dependent parton distributions. These results include the first complete parameterization of the nucleon GPDs and TMDs to all twists as well as new results on possible nontrivial relations between them.
We discuss the relations between Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and nucleon resonances. We first briefly introduce the concept of "transition" GPDs. Then we discuss a straightforward application to the modelization of the N-$Δ$ magnetic transition form factor. Finally, we discuss the experimental aspects of the subject and present first preliminary experimental investigations in this field.
The current status of global QCD analysis of parton distribution functions of the nucleon is reviewed. Recent progress made in determining various features of the parton structure of the nucleon, as well as outstanding open questions are discussed. These include: the small-$x$ and large-$x$ behavior of the partons, particularly the gluon; the differentiation of $u$ and $d$ quarks; the strangeness sea ($s+\bar{s}$), the strangeness asymmetry ($s-\bar{s}$); and the heavy quark distributions $c$ and $b$. Important issues about assessing the uncertainties of parton distributions and their physical…
We evaluate the differential cross section for the electroproduction of lepton pairs off a polarized nucleon target in the generalized Bjorken region to leading power accuracy in hard momentum. We discuss the importance of this process for phenomenology of generalized parton distributions. A special attention is given to the sensitivity of physical observables, i.e., diverse asymmetries, to their dependence on scaling variables that allows to map directly the functional two-dimensional surface of generalized parton distributions.
A new generation of (unpolarized) dynamical parton distribution functions of the nucleon is determined. After introducing basic elements of perturbative QCD, the dynamical model is discussed and compared with the approach to parton distributions used by most other groups ("standard"). Parton distributions sets (with uncertainties) at different orders (LO, NLO, NNLO), using different factorization schemes (\overline{MS}, DIS) and different treatments of heavy quark masses (FFNS, VFNS) are extracted and compared. The astrophysical implications of the dynamical predictions are outlined before foc…
Continuing with our analysis of parton distributions in the nucleon, we extend our light-front quark model in order to obtain both the helicity independent and helicity dependent parton distributions, analytically matching the results of global fits at the initial scale $μ\sim 1$ GeV, and which also contain the correct Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi evolution. We also calculate the transverse parton, Wigner and Husimi distributions from a unified point of view, using our light-front wave functions and expressing them in terms of the parton distributions $q_v(x)$ and $δq_v(x)$. Our …
In the following, the subject of Deep Virtual Compton Scattering on the nucleon and its relation to the recently introduced concept of Generalized Parton Distributions are briefly reviewed. The general theoretical framework and the links between theory and experiment will be outlined and the recently published data which look promising for the development of this field will be discussed. Finally, the experimental prospectives of the domain will be presented.
The nucleon distribution amplitudes and the nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes are investigated at leading twist within the frame of a light-cone quark model. The distribution amplitudes probe the three-quark component of the nucleon light-cone wave function, while higher order components in the Fock-space expansion of the nucleon state are essential to describe the nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes. Adopting a meson-cloud model of the nucleon the nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes are calculated for the first time.
We discuss the links between Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and elastic nucleon form factors. These links, in the form of sum rules, represent powerful constraints on parametrizations of GPDs. A Regge parametrization for GPDs at small momentum transfer, is extended to the large momentum transfer region and it is found to describe the basic features of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factor data. This parametrization is used to estimate the quark contribution to the nucleon spin.
We present a detailed comparison of the most recent sets of NNLO PDFs from the ABM, CT, HERAPDF, MSTW and NNPDF collaborations. We compare parton distributions at low and high scales and parton luminosities relevant for LHC phenomenology. We study the PDF dependence of LHC benchmark inclusive cross sections and differential distributions for electroweak boson and jet production in the cases in which the experimental covariance matrix is available. We quantify the agreement between data and theory by computing the chi2 for each data set with all the various PDFs. PDF comparisons are performed c…
Using ideas from Light Front Holography, we discuss the calculation of the nucleon helicity-independent generalized parton distributions of quarks in the zero skewness case.
Reports on our latest extractions of parton distribution functions of the nucleon are given. First an overview of the recent JR14 upgrade of our unpolarized PDFs, including NNLO determinations of the strong coupling constant and a discussion of the role of the input scale in parton distribution analysis. In the second part of the talk recent results on the determination of spin-dependent PDFs from the JAM collaboration are reported, including a careful treatment of hadronic and nuclear corrections, as well as reports on the impact of present and future data in our understanding of the spin of …
We incorporate the perturbative evolution effects in the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) calculated in effective light-front quark model for the nucleon. The perturbative effects enters into formalism through the evolution of GPDs according to the Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi-like (DGLAP) equation. We obtain the evolved GPDs in the momentum space and transverse impact parameter space. We observe that combining the light front quark model with the perturbative evolution effects, give the effective model for studying the phenomenological GPDs
We study the small-$x$ evolution equation for the gluon generalized parton distribution (GPD) $E_g$ of the nucleon. It is shown that $E_g$ at vanishing skewness exhibits the Regge behavior identical to the BFKL Pomeron, despite its association with nucleon helicity-flip processes. We also consider the effect of gluon saturation and demonstrate that $E_g$ gets saturated in the same way as its helicity-nonflip counterpart $H_g$. Our result has a direct impact on the modeling of $E_g$ as well as the small-$x$ contribution to nucleon spin sum rules.
The proton's transverse polarization structure is examined in terms of the Lorentz-covariant Pauli-Lubanski vector in QCD. We find that there are contributions from leading, subleading, and next-to-subleading partonic contributions in the light-front system of coordinates. The subleading and next-to-subleading contributions are related to the leading one through Lorentz symmetry. And the leading contribution obeys a simple partonic angular momentum sum rule that gives a clear physical interpretation to a relation known previously.
The distribution of the spin of the nucleon among its constituents can be parametrized in the form of polarized parton distribution functions for quarks and gluons. Using all available data on the polarized structure function $g_1(x,Q^2)$, we determine these distributions both at leading and next-to-leading order in perturbation theory. We suggest three different, equally possible scenarios for the polarized gluon distribution, which is found to be only loosely constrained by current experimental data. We examine various possibilities of measuring polarized parton distributions at future exper…
It is known that some of the deeply-virtual-Compton-scattering observables, for instance, the beam-charge asymmetry in the hard electroproduction of real photons on the nucleon, are extremely sensitive to the magnitude of D-term appearing in the parameterization of the generalized parton distributions. We report a theoretical analysis of both the isoscalar and isovector parts of the nucleon D-term within the framework of the chiral quark soliton model, without recourse to the derivative expansion type approximation used in previous works.
We discuss some recent developments concerning the nucleon's helicity parton distribution functions: New preliminary data from jet production at RHIC suggest for the first time a non-vanishing polarization of gluons in the nucleon. SIDIS measurements at COMPASS provide better constraints on the strange and light sea quark helicity distributions. Single-longitudinal spin asymmetries in W-boson production have been observed at RHIC and will ultimately give new insights into the light quark and anti-quark helicity structure of the nucleon.
Examining the structure functions of nucleons by introducing new Ansatz and their consequences on parton distribution functions in higher approximation
We discuss building models for nucleon generalized parton distributions (GPDs) H and E that are based on the formalism of double distributions (DDs). We found that the usual "DD+D-term" construction should be amended by an extra term, ξE^1_+(x,ξ) built from the α/βmoment of the DD e(β,α) that generates GPD E(x,ξ). Unlike the D-term, this function has support in the whole -1 \leq x \leq 1 region, and in general does not vanish at the border points |x|=ξ.
The cross section for ultra-high energy neutrino-nucleon scattering is very sensitive to the parton distributions at very small values of Bjorken x ($x \leq 10^{-4})$. We numerically investigate the effects of modifying the behavior of the gluon distribution function at very small $x$ in the DGLAP evolution equation. We then use the Color Glass Condensate formalism to calculate the neutrino-nucleon cross section at ultra-high energies and compare the result with those based on modification of DGLAP evolution equation.
It is well established that the nucleon form factors can be related to Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) through sum-rules. On the other hand, GPDs can be expressed in terms of Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) according to Diehl's model. In this work, we use this model to calculate polarized GPDs for quarks ($\widetilde{H}_q$) using the available polarized PDFs obtained from the experimental data, and then study the axial form factor of nucleon. We determine parameters of the model using standard $χ^2$ analysis of experimental data. It is shown that some parameters should be readjust…
We review recent progress in calculating the twist--2 parton distribution functions at a low normalization point in the large--$N_c$ limit, where the nucleon can be described as a soliton of the effective chiral lagrangian. This field-theoretic approach preserves all general requirements on the distribution functions (positivity, normalization etc.). In particular, it allows to calculate the polarized and unpolarized antiquark distributions at the low normalization point.
We present a phenomenological unpolarized Parton Distribution Functions for diquarks based on a soft-wall light front AdS/QCD quark-diquark nucleon model. From a probed model consistent with the Drewll-Yan-West relation and quark counting rule, we have performed a fit of some free parameters using known phenomenological quark PDF data. The model considers the entire set of possible diquarks within the nucleon valence, in the present work we focus on the spin-0 $ud_0$, spin-1 $ud_1$ and spin-1 $uu_1$ diquarks into the valence of protons. The diquark PDFs obtained are able to used in proton-prot…
We study the effects of light gluinos with mass below about 1 GeV on the nucleon parton densities and the running of alpha_(S). It is shown that from the available high-statistics DIS data no lower bound on the gluino mass can be derived. Also in the new kinematical region accessible at HERA the influence of such light gluinos on structure f unctions is found to be very small and difficult to detect. For use in more direct searches involving final state signatures we present a radiative estimate of the gluino distribution in the nucleon.
An up-to-date global QCD analysis of high energy lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron interactions is performed to better determine the gluon and quark parton distributions in the nucleon. Improved experimental data on inclusive jet production, in conjunction with precise deep inelastic scattering data, place good constraints on the gluon over a wide range of x; while new data on asymmetries in Drell-Yan processes contribute to better determine the d/u ratio. Comparisons with results of other recent global analyses are made, and the differences are described. Open issues and the general problem of …
This contribution to CIPANP 2012 highlights what we have learned about the asymmetric parton distributions of the nucleon over the past 20 years. These distributions include the transverse momentum dependent parton distributions describing spin-orbit correlations, but also their generalized parton and Wigner distribution analogues. Besides quark distributions, also gluon distributions are discussed, in particular the distribution of linearly polarized gluons inside unpolarized nucleons and its applications, such as at LHC in Higgs production and at a future Electron-Ion Collider in heavy quark…
A physical model for parton densities in hadrons, based on Gaussian momentum fluctuations of partons and hadronic baryon-meson fluctuations, is presented. The model has previously been shown to describe proton structure function data, and is now applied to sea quark asymmetries and shown to describe the dbar-ubar asymmetry of the proton. By considering fluctuations involving strange quarks, the model gives an asymmetry between the momentum distributions of s and sbar, which would reduce the significance of the NuTeV anomaly.
In this letter, we investigate the nucleon quasi-parton distribution functions in the chiral quark soliton model. We derive a set of sum-rules depending on the velocity of the nucleon and on the Dirac matrix defining the distribution functions. We present numerical results for the isosinglet unpolarized distribution, in which we find that the anti-quark distribution breaks the positivity condition at nucleon velocities $v\approx 0.99\;(P_N\approx 7.0 M_N)$ and smaller. We found that, for the isosinglet unpolarized case, a large nucleon momentum is required for the quasi-parton distribution to …
We consider the collinear limit of QCD amplitudes at one-loop order, and their factorization properties directly in colour space. These results apply to the multiple collinear limit of an arbitrary number of QCD partons, and are a basic ingredient in many higher-order computations. In particular, we discuss the triple collinear limit and its relation to flavour asymmetries in the QCD evolution of parton densities at three loops. As a phenomenological consequence of this new effect, and of the fact that the nucleon has non-vanishing quark valence densities, we study the perturbative generation …
A physical model is presented for the non-perturbative parton distributions in the nucleon. This is based on quantum fluctuations of the nucleon into baryon-meson pairs convoluted with Gaussian momentum distributions of partons in hadrons. The hadronic fluctuations, here developed in terms of hadronic chiral perturbation theory, occur with high probability and generate sea quarks as well as dynamical effects also for valence quarks and gluons. The resulting parton momentum distributions $f(x,Q_0^2)$ at low momentum transfers are evolved with conventional DGLAP equations from perturbative QCD t…
