模型皮层联想场解释人类轮廓感知的时间过程和对目标复杂性的依赖性
Model Cortical Association Fields Account for the Time Course and Dependence on Target Complexity of Human Contour Perception
摘要：
初级视觉皮层的横向连接能解释人类轮廓检测的时间依赖性和内在任务难度吗？为了回答这个问题，我们创建了一个合成图像集，该图像集可以防止仅依赖于低级视觉特征或高级上下文来检测目标对象。渲染的图像由分布在随机旋转片段（杂波）组中的平滑变化的、全局对齐的轮廓片段（变形虫）组成。通过人类阿米巴检测的时间过程和准确性进行了测量，使用两个替代的强制选择协议与自我报告的信心和可变的图像呈现时间（20-200毫秒），然后通过优化的图像掩模，以中断视觉处理。测得的心理功能，以及拟合的S形函数的指数时间常数为30-91毫秒，根据变形虫的复杂性。心理物理学实验的关键方面占了计算网络模型，在该模型中，方向选择性元素的retinotopic阵列的模拟响应调制的皮质关联字段，表示为乘法内核计算的目标和干扰图像之间的成对边缘统计的差异。比较实验和计算结果表明，每次迭代的横向相互作用需要至少37.5毫秒的皮层处理时间。我们的研究结果提供的证据表明，在早期视觉区的方向选择元素之间的皮质关联字段可以占重要的时间和任务依赖方面的心理曲线表征人类轮廓感知，其余的差异假设产生的影响，更高的皮层区域。
英文摘要：
Can lateral connectivity in the primary visual cortex account for the time dependence and intrinsic task difficulty of human contour detection? To answer this question, we created a synthetic image set that prevents sole reliance on either low-level visual features or high-level context for the detection of target objects. Rendered images consist of smoothly varying, globally aligned contour fragments (amoebas) distributed among groups of randomly rotated fragments (clutter). The time course and accuracy of amoeba detection by humans was measured using a two-alternative forced choice protocol with self-reported confidence and variable image presentation time (20-200 ms), followed by an image mask optimized so as to interrupt visual processing. Measured psychometric functions were well fit by sigmoidal functions with exponential time constants of 30-91 ms, depending on amoeba complexity. Key aspects of the psychophysical experiments were accounted for by a computational network model, in which simulated responses across retinotopic arrays of orientation-selective elements were modulated by cortical association fields, represented as multiplicative kernels computed from the differences in pairwise edge statistics between target and distractor images. Comparing the experimental and the computational results suggests that each iteration of the lateral interactions takes at least 37.5 ms of cortical processing time. Our results provide evidence that cortical association fields between orientation selective elements in early visual areas can account for important temporal and task-dependent aspects of the psychometric curves characterizing human contour perception, with the remaining discrepancies postulated to arise from the influence of higher cortical areas.
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