双β衰变75年：昨天、今天和明天
75 years of double beta decay: yesterday, today and tomorrow
摘要：
本文将简要回顾自1935年Maria Goeppert-Mayer首次考虑双中微子过程（2 $β(2ν)$）以来，双β衰变研究的动机和历史。本文讨论了40年代末50年代初首次寻找双β衰变的实验。本文着重指出，在1950年用$^{130}$ Te进行的地球化学实验中，首次记录到2 $β(2ν)$衰变。1987年，Michael MoE的小组在$^{82}$ Se中首次记录了这种衰变。目前已记录了10个核（$^{48}$ Ca，$^{76}$ Ge，$^{82}$ Se，$^{96}$ Zr，$^{100}$ Mo，$^{116}$ Cd，$^{128}$ Te，$^{130}$ Te，$^{150}$ Nd，$^{238}$ U）的两个中微子双β衰变。此外，还观察到了$^{100}$ Mo和$^{150}$ Nd的2 $β(2ν)$衰变到子核的0 $^+_1$激发态，以及$^{130}$ Ba的ECEC（2 $ν$）过程.至于无中微子双β衰变（2 $β(0ν)$），这个过程还没有被记录。本文讨论了最灵敏的实验（Heidelberg-Moscow，IGEX，CUORICINO，NEMO-3）的结果，并建立了有效Majorana中微子质量和Majoron与中微子耦合常数的保守上限，分别为$\langle m_ν \rangle < 0.75$ eV和$\langle g_{ee} \rangle < 1.9 \cdot 10^{-4}$。讨论了下一代实验，其中被研究的同位素的质量将达到100至1000公斤。这些实验将在几年内开始。在所有的可能性，他们将有可能达到灵敏度的中微子质量在0.01至0.1电子伏特的水平。
英文摘要：
In this report I will briefly review the motivation and history of double beta decay search since the first consideration of two neutrino process (2$β(2ν)$) by Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1935. The first experiments on search for double beta decay in the late of 1940's and beginning of 1950's are considered. It is underlined that for the first time the 2$β(2ν)$ decay has been registered in geochemical experiment with $^{130}$Te in 1950. In direct (counter) experiment this type of decay for the first time has been registered in $^{82}$Se by Michael Moe's group in 1987. Now two neutrino double beta decay has been recorded for 10 nuclei ($^{48}$Ca, $^{76}$Ge, $^{82}$Se, $^{96}$Zr, $^{100}$Mo, $^{116}$Cd, $^{128}$Te, $^{130}$Te, $^{150}$Nd, $^{238}$U). In addition, the 2$β(2ν)$ decay of $^{100}$Mo and $^{150}$Nd to the 0$^+_1$ excited state of the daughter nucleus has been observed and the ECEC(2$ν$) process in $^{130}$Ba was observed too. As to neutrinoless double beta decay (2$β(0ν)$) this process has not yet been registered. In the review results of the most sensitive experiments (Heidelberg-Moscow, IGEX, CUORICINO, NEMO-3) are discussed and conservative upper limits on effective Majorana neutrino mass and the coupling constant of the Majoron to the neutrino are established as $\langle m_ν \rangle < 0.75$ eV and $\langle g_{ee} \rangle < 1.9 \cdot 10^{-4}$, respectively. The next-generation experiments, where the mass of the isotopes being studied will be as grand as 100 to 1000 kg, are discussed. These experiments will have started within a few years. In all probability, they will make it possible to reach the sensitivity to the neutrino mass at a level of 0.01 to 0.1 eV.
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