自由和开源软件不是一个新兴的财产，而是研究设计的结果
Free and Open-Source Software is not an Emerging Property but Rather the Result of Studied Design
摘要：
许多人认为，自由和开放源码软件与维基百科一样，证明了正在发生的模式转变，即从等级管理和市场驱动的知识生产方式转变为分层、协作和基于共同点的生产方式。从这一角度看，人们通常认为自由和开放源码软件是集体智慧的体现，在这种集体智慧中，可交付的成果和人工制品仅仅是通过合作而产生的，不需要监督领导。本文认为，这一假设是基于有限的软件开发过程的理解，并可能导致错误的结论，同行生产的潜力。开发一个不那么微不足道的软件，无论是自由和开放源码软件还是专利软件，都是一项复杂的合作努力，需要许多人（往往是数千人）的参与。一部分参与者总是扮演着领导系统和子系统设计师的角色，决定架构和功能;其余的人在逻辑和功能意义上在他们的“下面”工作。虽然包括自由和开放源码软件在内的新的强大力量显然在后工业化、网络化经济中发挥作用，但目前在集体智慧和网络化合作领域的研究还处于幼稚阶段，必须让位于更深层次的意识，这就要求理解软件开发过程。
英文摘要：
Free and open source software (FOSS) is considered by many, along with Wikipedia, the proof of an ongoing paradigm shift from hierarchically-managed and market-driven production of knowledge to heterarchical, collaborative and commons-based production styles. In such perspective, it has become common place to refer to FOSS as a manifestation of collective intelligence where deliverables and artefacts emerge by virtue of mere cooperation, with no need for supervising leadership. The paper argues that this assumption is based on limited understanding of the software development process, and may lead to wrong conclusions as to the potential of peer production. The development of a less than trivial piece of software, irrespective of whether it be FOSS or proprietary, is a complex cooperative effort requiring the participation of many (often thousands of) individuals. A subset of the participants always play the role of leading system and subsystem designers, determining architecture and functionality; the rest of the people work "underneath" them in a logical, functional sense. While new and powerful forces, including FOSS, are clearly at work in the post-industrial, networked econ-omy, the currently ingenuous stage of research in the field of collective intelligence and networked cooperation must give way to a deeper level of consciousness, which requires an understanding of the software development process.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
