The contact ${\cal I}$, introduced by Tan, has emerged as a key parameter characterizing universal properties of strongly interacting Fermi gases. For ultracold Fermi gases near a Feshbach resonance, the contact depends upon two quantities: the interaction parameter $1/(k_F a)$, where $k_F$ is the Fermi wave-vector and $a$ is the $s$-wave scattering length, and the temperature $T/T_F$, where $T_F$ is the Fermi temperature. We present the first measurements of the temperature dependence of the contact in a unitary Fermi gas using Bragg spectroscopy. The contact is seen to follow the predicted decay with temperature and shows how pair-correlations at high momentum persist well above the superfluid transition temperature.
In many-body systems governed by pairwise contact interactions, a wide range of observables is linked by a single parameter, the two-body contact, which quantifies two-particle correlations. This profound insight has transformed our understanding of strongly interacting Fermi gases. Here, using Ramsey interferometry, we study coherent evolution of the resonantly interacting Bose gas, and show that it cannot be explained by only pairwise correlations. Our experiments reveal the crucial role of three-body correlations arising from Efimov physics, and provide a direct measurement of the associate…
An ultracold Fermi atomic gas at unitarity presents universal properties that in the diluted limit can be well described by a contact interaction. By employing a guide function with correct boundary conditions and making simple modifications to the sampling procedure we are able to handle for the first time a true contact interaction in a quantum Monte Carlo calculation. The results are obtained with small variances. Our calculations for the Bertsch and contact parameters are in excellent agreement with published experiments. The possibility of using a more faithfully description of ultracold …
We measure radiofrequency (rf) spectra of the homogeneous unitary Fermi gas at temperatures ranging from the Boltzmann regime through quantum degeneracy and across the superfluid transition. For all temperatures, a single spectral peak is observed. Its position smoothly evolves from the bare atomic resonance in the Boltzmann regime to a frequency corresponding to nearly one Fermi energy at the lowest temperatures. At high temperatures, the peak width reflects the scattering rate of the atoms, while at low temperatures, the width is set by the size of fermion pairs. Above the superfluid transit…
We present a high-precision determination of the universal contact parameter in a strongly interacting Fermi gas. In a trapped gas at unitarity we find the contact to be $3.06 \pm 0.08$ at a temperature of 0.08 of the Fermi temperature in a harmonic trap. The contact governs the high-momentum (short-range) properties of these systems and this low temperature measurement provides a new benchmark for the zero temperature homogeneous contact. The experimental measurement utilises Bragg spectroscopy to obtain the dynamic and static structure factors of ultracold Fermi gases at high momentum in the…
The contact parameter in unitary Fermi Gases governs the short-distance, high-momentum, and high-energy properties of the system. We perform accurate quantum Monte Carlo calculations with highly optimized trial functions to precisely determine this parameter at T=0, demonstrate its universal application to a variety of observables, and determine the regions of momentum and energy over which the leading short-range behavior is dominant. We derive Tan's expressions for the contact parameter using just the short-range behavior of the ground-state many-body wave function, and use this behavior to …
We investigate the initiation and subsequent evolution of Crow instability in an inhomogeneous unitary Fermi gas using zero-temperature Galilei-invariant non-linear Schrödinger equation. Considering a cigar-shaped unitary Fermi gas, we generate the vortex-antivortex pair either by phase-imprinting or by moving a Gaussian obstacle potential. We observe that the Crow instability in a unitary Fermi gas leads to the decay of the vortex-antivortex pair into multiple vortex rings and ultimately into sound waves.
The two and three-body contacts are central to a set of univeral relations between microscopic few-body physics within an ultracold Bose gas and its thermodynamical properties. They may also be defined in trapped few-particle systems, which is the subject of this work. In this work, we focus on the unitary three-body problem in a trap, where interactions are as strong as allowed by quantum mechanics. We derive analytic results for the two and three-body contacts in this regime and compare with existing limiting expressions and previous numerical studies.
We renormalize the two-body contact interaction based on the exact solution of two interacting particles in a harmonic trap. This renormalization extends the validity of the contact interaction to large scattering lengths. We apply this renormalized interaction to a degenerate unitary Bose gas to study its stationary properties and elementary excitations using the mean-field theory and the hyperspherical method. Since the scattering length is no longer a relevant length scale at unitarity, universal properties are obtained that depend only on the average particle density. Our treatment shows t…
We have considered the orbital-free approximation of the kinetic energy functional to investigate the zero temperature properties of dilute harmonically trapped two component Fermi gas at unitarity. It is shown that our approach provides a realible and inexpensive method to study superfluid strongly interacting dilute Fermi gases.
We theoretically investigate the thermo-particle transport properties of an unitary Fermi gas be- tween two reservoirs connected by a quantum point contact. We find several distinguished properties that are qualitatively different from those of weak or non-interacting gas systems. The particle trans- port figure of merit is drastically enhanced in the unitary regime and it increases as the transmission coefficient increases, exactly opposite to the behavior in the weak or non-interacting gas systems. The Lorentz number violates the Wiedemann-Franz law, demonstrating the breakdown of Fermi liqu…
We study the real-time motion of a microscopic object in a cold Fermi gas at unitary conditions by using an extended Thomas-Fermi density functional approach. We find that spontaneous creation of singly quantized vortex-antivortex pairs occurs as a critical velocity is exceeded, which leads to a drag between the moving object and the Fermi gas. The resulting force is linear in the velocity for subsonic motion and becomes quadratic for supersonic motion.
We study the extended Thomas-Fermi (ETF) density functional of the superfluid unitary Fermi gas. This functional includes a gradient term which is essential to describe accurately the surface effects of the system, in particular with a small number of atoms, where the Thomas-Fermi (local density) approximation fails. We find that our ETF functional gives density profiles which are in good agreement with recent Monte Carlo results and also with a more sophisticated superfluid density functional based on Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. In addition, by using extended hydrodynamics equations of su…
We consider a partially spin-polarized atomic Fermi gas in a high-aspect-ratio trap, with a flux of predominantly spin-up atoms exiting the center of the trap. We argue that such a scenario can be produced by evaporative cooling, and we find that it can result in a substantially non-equilibrium polarization pattern for typical experimental parameters. We offer this as a possible explanation for the quantitative discrepancies in recent experiments on spin-imbalanced unitary Fermi gases.
We investigate dynamical three-body correlations in the Bose gas during the earliest stages of evolution after a quench to the unitary regime. The development of few-body correlations is theoretically observed by determining the two- and three-body contacts. We find that the growth of three-body correlations is gradual compared to two-body correlations. The three-body contact oscillates coherently, and we identify this as a signature of Efimov trimers. We show that the growth of three-body correlations depends non-trivially on parameters derived from both the density and Efimov physics. These …
We investigate within density functional theory various physical properties of the zero-temperature unitary Fermi gas which critically depend on the presence of a dispersive gradient term in the equation of state. First, we consider the unitary Fermi superfluid gas confined to a semi-infinite domain and calculate analytically its density profile and surface tension. Then we study the quadrupole modes of the superfluid system under harmonic confinement finding a reliable analytical formula for the oscillation frequency, which reduces to the familiar Thomas-Fermi one in the limit of a large numb…
We directly observe the hydrodynamic linear response of a unitary Fermi gas confined in a box potential and subject to a spatially periodic optical potential that is translated into the cloud at speeds ranging from subsonic to supersonic. We show that the time-dependent change of the density profile is sensitive to the thermal conductivity, which controls the relaxation rate of the temperature gradients and hence the responses arising from adiabatic and isothermal compression.
In this letter, we investigate the fluctuation effects on the transport properties of unitary Fermi gases in the vicinity of the superfluid transition temperature $T_c$. Based on the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau formalism of the BEC-BCS crossover, we investigate both the residual resistivity below $T_c$ induced by phase slips and the paraconductivity above $T_c$ due to pair fluctuations. These two effects have been well studied in the weak coupling BCS superconductor, and here we generalize them to the unitary regime of ultracold Fermi gases. We find that while the residual resistivity below…
We propose to use the energy absorption spectroscopy to measure the kinetic coefficients of unitary Fermi gases in a uniform potential. We show that in our scheme, the energy absorption spectrum is proportional to the dynamic structure factor of the system. The profile of the spectrum depends on the shear viscosity $η$, the thermal conductivity $κ$ and the superfluid bulk viscosity $ξ_3$. We show that extraction of these coefficients from the spectrum is achievable in present experiments.
A quantity known as the contact plays a fundamental role in quantum many-body systems with short-range interactions. The determination of the temperature dependence of the contact for the unitary Fermi gas of infinite scattering length has been a major challenge, with different calculations yielding qualitatively different results. Here we use finite-temperature auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFMC) methods on the lattice within the canonical ensemble to calculate the temperature dependence of the contact for the homogeneous spin-balanced unitary Fermi gas. We extrapolate to the continuum…
An ultracold Fermi gas with a zero-range attractive potential in the unitary limit is investigated using variational and diffusion Monte Carlo methods. Previous calculations have used a finite range interactions and extrapolate the results to zero-range. Here we extend the quantum Monte Carlo method to directly use a zero-range interaction without extrapolation. We employ a trial wave function with the correct boundary conditions, and modify the sampling procedures to handle the zero-range interaction. The results are reliable and have low variance.
Understanding the quantum dynamics of strongly interacting fermions is a problem relevant to diverse forms of matter, including high-temperature superconductors, neutron stars, and quark-gluon plasma. An appealing benchmark is offered by cold atomic gases in the unitary limit of strong interactions. Here we study the dynamics of a transversely magnetized unitary Fermi gas in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. We observe the demagnetization of the gas, caused by diffusive spin transport. At low temperatures, the diffusion constant saturates to the conjectured quantum-mechanical lower bound $\sime…
The effective action describing the gapless Nambu-Goldstone, or Anderson-Bogoliubov, mode of a zero-temperature dilute Fermi gas at unitarity is derived up to next-to-leading order in derivatives from the microscopic theory. Apart from a next-to-leading order term that is suppressed in the BCS limit, the effective action obtained in the strong-coupling unitary limit is proportional to that in the weak-coupling BCS limit.
We study the collective modes of the confined unitary Fermi gas under anisotropic harmonic confinement as a function of the number of atoms. We use the equations of extended superfluid hydrodynamics, which take into account a dispersive von Weizsacker-like term in the equaton of state. We also discuss the inclusion of a backflow term in the extended superfluid Lagrangian and the effects of this anomalous term on sound waves and Beliaev damping of phonons.
Spectral study of the pseudogap in unitary Fermi gases
Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学物理科学学院和微尺度物质科学国家研究中心）；Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学上海量子科学研究与卓越中心及中科院量子信息与量子物理学前沿卓越创新中心）；Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学合肥国家实验室）
Third and higher order quantum virial coefficients require the solution of the corresponding quantum many-body problem. Nevertheless, in an earlier paper (Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 260402 (2012)) we proposed that the higher-order cluster integrals of a dilute unitary fermionic gas may be approximated in terms of the two-body cluster, together with an appropriate suppression factor. Although not exact, this ansatz gave a fair agreement up to fugacity z=6 with the experimentally obtained equation of state. The objective of the present note is to give some physical arguments in favor of this ansatz.
We present an experimental and theoretical study of the phonon mode in a unitary Fermi gas. Using two-photon Bragg spectroscopy, we measure excitation spectra at a momentum of approximately half the Fermi momentum, both above and below the superfluid critical temperature $T_\mathrm{c}$. Below $T_\mathrm{c}$, the dominant excitation is the Bogoliubov-Anderson (BA) phonon mode, driven by gradients in the phase of the superfluid order parameter. The temperature dependence of the BA phonon is consistent with a theoretical model based on the quasiparticle random phase approximation in which the dom…
We investigate universal properties of a p-wave Fermi gas with a resonant interaction in which the axisymmetry is broken spontaneously or externally. Here, the short-range correlations can be completely characterized by the nine-component p-wave contact tensor, which can be measured by applying a generalized adiabatic sweep theorem. The distinctive features of the p-wave contact tensor emerge in a normal p-wave Fermi gas in an anisotropic trap and in a superfluid phase. An experimental scheme to measure the p-wave contact tensor and test the adiabatic sweep theorem is also discussed.
The growth rate of the out-of-time-ordered correlator in a N-flavor Fermi gas is investigated and the Lyapunove exponent $λ_L$ is calculated to the order of $1/N$. We find that the Lyapunove exponent monotonically increases as the the interaction strength increases from the BCS limit to the unitary region. At the unitarity the Lyapunove exponent increases while the temperature drops and it can reach to the order of $λ_L\sim T$ around the critical temperature for the $N=1$ case. The system scrambles faster for stronger pairing fluctuations. At the BCS limit, the Lyapunov exponent behaviors as $…
We compare recent experimental results [Science 375, 528 (2022)] of the superfluid unitary Fermi gas near the critical temperature with a thermodynamic model based on elementary excitations of the system. We find very good agreement between experimental data and our theory for several quantities such as first sound, second sound, and superfluid fraction. We also show that mode mixing between first and second sound occurs. Finally, we characterize the response amplitude to a density perturbation: close to the critical temperature both first and second sound can be excited through a density pert…
A key quantity in strongly-interacting resonant Fermi gases is the contact $\mathcal{C}$, which characterizes numerous properties such as the momentum distribution at large momenta or the pair correlation function at short distances. The temperature dependence of $\mathcal{C}$ was measured at unitarity, where existing theoretical predictions differ substantially even at the qualitative level. We report accurate data for the contact and the momentum distribution of the unitary gas in the normal phase, obtained by Bold Diagrammatic Monte Carlo and Borel resummation. Our results agree with experi…
Ultracold atomic gases with short-range interactions are characterized by a number of universal species-independent relations. Many of these relations involve the two-body Tan contact. Employing the canonical ensemble, we determine the Tan contact for small harmonically trapped two-component Fermi gases at unitarity over a wide range of temperatures, including the zero and high temperature regimes. A cluster expansion that describes the properties of the N-particle system in terms of those of smaller subsystems is introduced and shown to provide an accurate description of the contact in the hi…
Dimer-projection contact and the clock shift of a unitary Fermi gas
University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Heidelberg University（海德堡大学）；Joint Quantum Institute, NIST / University of Maryland（量子联合研究所，美国国家标准与技术研究院/马里兰大学）；Sun Yat-Sen University (Zhuhai Campus)（中山大学（珠海校区））
Quantum Monte Carlo techniques are employed to study the properties of polarons in an ultracold Fermi gas, at $T= 0,$ and in the unitary regime using both a zero-range model and a square-well potential. For a fixed density, the potential range is varied and results are extrapolated and compared against a zero-range model. A discussion regarding the choice of an interacting potential with a finite range is presented. We compute the polaron effective mass, the polaron binding energy, and the effective coupling between them. The latter is obtained using the Landau-Pomeranchuk's weakly interacting…
We report diffusion Monte Carlo results for the ground state of unpolarized spin-1/2 fermions in a cylindrical container and properties of the system with a vortex-line excitation. The density profile of the system with a vortex line presents a non-zero density at the core. We calculate the ground-state energy per particle, the superfluid pairing gap, and the excitation energy per particle. These simulations can be extended to calculate the properties of vortex excitations in other strongly interacting systems, such as superfluid neutron matter using realistic nuclear Hamiltonians.
We study theoretically the collective mode spectrum of a strongly imbalanced two-component unitary Fermi gas in a cigar-shaped trap, where the minority species forms a gas of polarons. We describe the collective breathing mode of the gas in terms of the Fermi liquid kinetic equation taking collisions into account using the method of moments. Our results for the frequency and damping of the longitudinal in-phase breathing mode are in good quantitative agreement with an experiment by Nascimbène et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 170402 (2009)] and interpolate between a hydrodynamic and a collisionles…
In a recent article, Yefsah et al. [Nature 499, 426 (2013)] report the observation of an unusual excitation in an elongated harmonically trapped unitary Fermi gas. After phase imprinting a domain wall, they observe oscillations almost an order of magnitude slower than predicted by any theory of domain walls which they interpret as a "heavy soliton" of inertial mass some 200 times larger than the free fermion mass or 50 times larger than expected for a domain wall. We present compelling evidence that this "soliton" is instead a quantized vortex ring by showing that the main aspects of the exper…
We study strongly interacting two component Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance. By using a ground state energy functional constructed based on asymptotic limits and Monte Carlo calculations, we calculate the contact, structure factor, and collective oscillation frequencies in the BCS-BEC crossover region. The calculated contact and structure factor show excellent agreements with recent experiments. We compare these results with a standard mean-field theory and find that the contact is proportional to the square of superfluid order parameter. Further, we present the chemical potential and the …
We theoretically investigate normal-state properties of a unitary Bose-Fermi mixture. Including strong hetero-pairing fluctuations, we evaluate the Bose and Fermi chemical potential, internal energy, pressure, entropy, as well as specific heat at constant volume $C_V$, within the framework of a combined strong-coupling theory with exact thermodynamic identities. We show that hetero-pairing fluctuations at the unitarity cause non-monotonic temperature dependence of $C_V$, being qualitatively different from the monotonic behavior of this quantity in the weak- and strong-coupling limit. On the ot…
By selectively probing the center of a trapped gas, we measure the local, or homogeneous, contact of a unitary Fermi gas as a function of temperature. Tan's contact, C, is proportional to the derivative of the energy with respect to the interaction strength, and is thus an essential thermodynamic quantity for a gas with short-range correlations. Theoretical predictions for the temperature dependence of C differ substantially, especially near the superfluid transition, Tc, where C is predicted to either sharply decrease, sharply increase, or change very little. For T/T_F>0.4, our measurements o…
Using a variational approach, we present the full solutions of the simplified one-dimensional two-fluid hydrodynamic equations for a unitary Fermi gas trapped in a highly elongated harmonic potential, which is recently derived by Stringari and co-workers {[}Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{105}, 150402 (2010){]}. We calculate the discretized mode frequencies of first and second sound along the weak axial trapping potential, as a function of temperature and the form of superfluid density. We show that the density fluctuations in second sound modes, due to their coupling to first sound modes, are large …
The particle and spin transport through a quantum point contact between two Fermi gases with Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling are investigated. We show that the particle and spin conductances both demonstrate the structure of plateau due to the mesoscopic scale of the quantum point contact. Compared with the normal Fermi gases the particle conductance can be significantly enhanced by the spin-orbit coupling effect. Furthermore, the conversion of the particle and spin currents can take place in the spin-orbit coupled system, and we find that it is controlled by the parameter of two-photon detu…
We discuss the unitary Fermi gas made of dilute and ultracold atoms with an infinite s-wave inter-atomic scattering length. First we introduce an efficient Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker density functional which describes accurately various static properties of the unitary Fermi gas trapped by an external potential. Then, the sound velocity and the collective frequencies of oscillations in a harmonic trap are derived from extended superfluid hydrodynamic equations which are the Euler-Lagrange equations of a Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker action functional. Finally, we show that this amazing Fermi ga…
The Unitary Fermi Gas (UFG) is one of the most strongly interacting systems known to date, as it saturates the unitarity bound on the quantum mechanical scattering cross section. The UFG corresponds to a two-component Fermi gas in the limit of short interaction range and large scattering length, and is currently realized in ultracold-atom experiments via Feshbach resonances. While easy to define, the UFG poses a challenging quantum many-body problem, as it lacks any characteristic scale other than the density. As a consequence, accurate quantitative predictions of the thermodynamic properties …
We use harmonically trapped systems to find the leading gradient corrections of the supefluid local density approximation (SLDA) - a density functional theory (DFT) describing the unitary Fermi gas (UFG). We find the leading order correction to be negative, and predict the q^2 coefficient of the long-range static response c = 1.5(3) - a factor of two smaller than predicted by mean-field theory - thereby establishing a new and experimentally measurably universal constant.
We study systems of few two-component fermions interacting in a Harmonic Oscillator trap. The fermion-fermion interaction is generated in a finite basis with a unitary transformation of the exact two-body spectrum given by the Busch formula. The few-body Schrödinger equation is solved with the formalism of the No-Core Shell Model. We present results for a system of three fermions interacting at unitarity as well as for finite values of the S-wave scattering length $a_2$ and effective range $r_2$. Unitary systems with four and five fermions are also considered. We show that the many-body energi…
We present an alternative way of computing nonrelativistic single-particle spectra from holography. To this end, we introduce a mass gap in a holographic Dirac semimetal and subsequently study the nonrelativistic limit of the resulting spectral functions. We use this method to compute the momentum distributions and the equation of state of our nonrelativistic fermions, of which the latter can be used to extract all thermodynamic properties of the system. We find that our results are universal and reproduce many experimentally and theoretically known features of an ultracold Fermi gas at unitar…
The Hartree energy shift is calculated for a unitary Fermi gas. By including the momentum dependence of the scattering amplitude explicitly, the Hartree energy shift remains finite even at unitarity. Extending the theory also for spin-imbalanced systems allows calculation of polaron properties. The results are in good agreement with more involved theories and experiments.
A new excitation mode has been predicted to exist in the unitary Fermi gas. It has a form of a spin-polarized impurity, which was dubbed as ferron. It is characterized by a closed nodal surface of the pairing field surrounding a partially spin-polarized superfluid region, where the phase differs by $π$. In this paper, we discuss the effect of temperature on the generation of the ferron and the adiabaticity of the spin-polarizing potential together with ferron's ground state properties.
A detailed description is given of the phase diagram for a two-component unitary Fermi gas with mass and population imbalance, for both homogeneous and trapped systems. This aims at providing quantitative benchmarks for the normal-to-superfluid phase transition of a mass-imbalanced Fermi gas in the temperature-polarization parameter space. A self-consistent t-matrix approach is adopted, which has already proven to accurately describe the thermodynamic properties of the mass and population balanced unitary Fermi gas. Our results provide a guideline for the ongoing experiments on heteronuclear F…
We present results from Monte Carlo calculations investigating the properties of the homogeneous, spin-balanced unitary Fermi gas in three dimensions. The temperature is varied across the superfluid transition allowing us to determine the temperature dependence of the chemical potential, the energy per particle and the contact density. Numerical artifacts due to finite volume and discretization are systematically studied, estimated, and reduced.
Using $\varepsilon$-expansion technique we compute $η/s$, where $η$ is the shear viscosity, $s$ is the entropy density, of the normal phase of unitary Fermi gas in $d=4-\varepsilon$ dimensions to LO in $\varepsilon$. We use kinetic theory approach and solve transport equations for medium perturbed by a shear hydrodynamic flow. The collision integrals are calculated to $\varepsilon^2$ which is LO. The LO result is temperature independent with $η/\rm s\simeq (0.11/\varepsilon^2)(\hbar/k_B).$ The $d=3$ prediction for $η/\rm s$ exceeds the $\hbar/4 πk_B$ bound by a factor of about $1.4.$
The thermodynamic and transport properties of the unitary Fermi gas at finite temperature T are governed by a quantum critical point at T=0 and zero density. We compute the universal shear viscosity to entropy ratio η/s in the high-temperature quantum critical regime T>>|μ| and find that this strongly coupled quantum fluid comes close to perfect fluidity η/s=\hbar/(4πk_B). Using a controlled large-N expansion we show that already at the first non-trivial order the equation of state and the Tan contact density C agree well with the most recent experimental measurements and theoretical Luttinger…
We investigate shock waves in the unitary Fermi gas by using the zero-temperature equations of superfluid hydrodynamics. We obtain analytical solutions for the dynamics of a localized perturbation of the uniform gas. These supersonic bright and subsonic dark solutions produce, after a transient time, an extremely large (divergent) density gradient: the shock. We calculate the time of formation of the shock and also simulate the space-time behavior of the waves by solving generalized hydrodynamic equations, which include a reliable dispersive regularization of the shock. We find that the shock …
In this work we establish constraints on the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity $η$ in the superfluid phase of a dilute Fermi gas in the unitary limit. Our results are based on analyzing experiments that measure the aspect ratio of a deformed cloud after release from an optical trap. We discuss how to apply the two-fluid formalism to the unitary gas, and provide a suitable parametrization of the equation of state. We show that in expansion experiments the difference between the normal and superfluid velocities remains small, and can be treated as a perturbation. We find that expansi…
We demonstrate the existence of a new type of spatially localized excitations in the unitary Fermi gas: spin polarized droplets with a peculiar internal structure involving the abrupt change of the pairing phase at the surface of the droplet. It resembles the structure of the Josephson-$π$ junction occurring when a slice of a ferromagnet is sandwiched between two superconductors. The stability of the impurity is enhanced by the mutual interplay between the polarization effects and the pairing field, resulting in an exceptionally long-lived state. The prospects for its realization in experiment…
