圆里德伯态自由下落氢原子的量子不可压缩性和超导系统中的引力诱导电荷分离效应
Quantum Incompressibility of a Freely Falling Hydrogen Atom in a Circular Rydberg State, and a Gravitationally-Induced Charge Separation Effect in Superconducting Systems
摘要：
自由下落的点状物体向地球中心汇聚。因此，地球的引力场是不均匀的，并具有潮汐分量。一个扩展的量子力学物体，如一个氢原子，在一个高主量子数状态，即一个圆形的里德伯原子，自由降落预计下降速度比一个经典的点状物体，当两个物体从地球表面以上的相同高度下降。这表明，除了量子态之间的跃迁，原子在像地球那样的非均匀潮汐引力场中自由降落时，表现出一种量子力学的不可压缩性。一个有持续电流环绕的超导环状系统，在自由降落时，其行为类似于圆形里德伯原子。与自由下落原子的电子波函数一样，库珀对波函数是量子力学不可压缩的。然而，超导体晶格中的离子不是不可压缩的，因为它们不具有全局相干的量子相位。由此产生的差异在自由降落过程中的非定域库珀对电子和定域离子的响应不均匀的引力场的预测，导致电荷分离效应，这反过来又导致一个大的库仑力，反对的超导系统上的潮汐引力引起的收敛。本文提出了一个观测超导电路中非均匀引力场引起的电荷分离效应的“类卡文迪许”实验。的电荷分离效应被确定为是有限的对断裂过程中发生的低频引力扰动时，存在。
英文摘要：
Freely falling point-like objects converge toward the center of the Earth. Hence the gravitational field of the Earth is inhomogeneous, and possesses a tidal component. The free fall of an extended quantum mechanical object such as a hydrogen atom prepared in a high principal-quantum-number state, i.e. a circular Rydberg atom, is predicted to fall more slowly than a classical point-like object, when both objects are dropped from the same height above the Earth's surface. This indicates that, apart from transitions between quantum states, the atom exhibits a kind of quantum mechanical incompressibility during free fall in inhomogeneous, tidal gravitational fields like those of the Earth. A superconducting ring-like system with a persistent current circulating around it behaves like the circular Rydberg atom during free fall. Like the electronic wavefunction of the freely falling atom, the Cooper-pair wavefunction is quantum mechanically incompressible. The ions in the lattice of the superconductor, however, are not incompressible, since they do not possess a globally coherent quantum phase. The resulting difference during free fall in the response of the nonlocalizable Cooper pairs of electrons and the localizable ions to inhomogeneous gravitational fields is predicted to lead to a charge separation effect, which in turn leads to a large Coulomb force that opposes the convergence caused by the tidal gravitational force on the superconducting system. A "Cavendish-like" experiment is proposed for observing the charge separation effect induced by inhomogeneous gravitational fields in a superconducting circuit. The charge separation effect is determined to be limited by a pair-breaking process that occurs when low frequency gravitational perturbations are present.
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